Changing political relationship 1920-1930 Flashcards
What were Gandhi’s main aims and beliefs? (3)
- Satyagraha
- Ahimsa
- Swadesh
When was the Khilafat movement?
1919-24
What was the Khilafat movement?
International Muslim movement protesting against the post-war breakup of the Ottoman Empire
Reasons for Gandhi’s emergence in 1917-1920 (3)
- combining spiritual strength with political awareness had immense popular appeal
- No other political leader to challenge his influence
- Members of Congress so divided that they couldn’t unite to oppose Gandhi
Why did Gandhi not have much political competition in the 1920s
- Tilak died in 1920
- Gokhale died in 1915
- Annie Besant was seen as a woman of little consequence
What were the aims of non-cooperation 1920-1922
- Make the Raj ungovernable
- Aim of swaraj within a year
What did non-cooperation entail (6/7)
- Boycott elections to the new legislative assemblies
- Boycott the law courts
- withhold taxes
- refuse to buy imported goods
- leave all government posts
- remove children from government schools
- refuse invitations from the Raj
Ways in which non-cooperation was a success (2/4)
- Students boycotted exams
- Boycott of British cloth had an economic effect on manufacturers
- Taxes were not paid
- Large number of voters stayed away from 1920 elections
Ways in which non-cooperation failed
- Many Indians were unable to understand the concept of satyagraha
e. g violence broke out when the Prince of Wales visited in 1921
When was the end of non-cooperation and why?
Feb 1922, Chauri Chaura
-Mob had burned to death 22 policemen
What was gained by Congress’ commitment to satyagraha
- Acquired a deeper understanding of peasant needs
- ability to understand local grievances and link with the broader campaign for swaraj
How much did the membership of Congress increase
From 100,000 to 2 million by 1921
Ways in which Congress increased its support? (2)
- Extended its appeal into a wider spread of geographical areas
- Began facilitating interest groups that had been previously neglected. e.g. richer peasantries and commercial castes
What was Gandhi’s political approach in 1924?
- ‘Back to basics’, set up the All-Indian Spinners Association.
- Promoted self-sufficiency and campaigns of mass literacy
Who were the young hooligans?
- Jawarhalal Nehru
- Bose
- Narayan
What did the young hooligans want?
-Total independence and renewed action
What was the Nehru Report (1928)
- Recommended dominion status on the same terms of Canada and Australia
- Suggested Princely states and British India were to be joined in a federation
What was the Simon Commission?
Arrived in 1928, to review the Government of India Act 1919
-Not a single indian on the commission-
Irwin Declaration
1929- Declared that the attainment of dominion status was the logical progression of the Montagu declaration
Delhi Proposal
1927- proposals to safeguard Muslim representation
Jinnah’s 14 points
1929- Legal safeguard to protect minority rights
-Rejected by Congress
When was the goal of Purna Swaraj decided?
Dec 1929
When was the Salt March?
March 1930
What was the Salt March protesting
-Britain’s Salt tax and to publicise a boycott of salt
What did Gandhi do before the Salt March
Held a gathering before which drew 75,000 people
How was the Salt March symbolic
Embraced all religious communities and castes
Why was the Simon Commission brought forward
Secretary of State for India- Lord Birkenhead brought the review forward so that it could take place under a conservative government
What was the point of the Simon Commission
Government sent a parliamentary delegation headed by Sir John Simon to
-find out how the GOIA had been working
- to make any recommendations for necessary review
What was controversial about the simon commission - why was this significant
No indian members- Indians saw this as the future of India to be decided by British politicians in Westminster and that Indians were to take no part in deciding their future
Reaction to Simon Commission
Everywhere the commission went were met with mass demonstrations, which the police couldn’t control
Who co-operated with the Simon Commission
some Muslims, Anglo-Indians, Sikhs and Untouchables
minority groups hoped for a better future than that which they anticipated under a Hindu-dominated Congress
When was the Irwin Declaration
31st October 1929
What did the Irwin Declaration state (3)
-reiterated Montagu declaration
-the attainment of dominion status would be a natural development
-Indian representatives would be invited to a RTC where the details of a new Indian constitution would be discussed
When was the Gandhi Irwin Pact
March 1931
Who brokered the Gandhi Irwin Pact
- Indian businessmen, worried about the effect of civil disobedience on the economy
What was agreed in the Gandhi Irwin Pact (4)
- Congress’ civil disobedience campaign was suspended
- Gandhi arrive at RTC2
- 19,000 Congress supporters to be released from jail
- confiscated property was to be returned to its owners
