Changing political relationship 1920-1930

Question 1

What were Gandhi’s main aims and beliefs? (3)

Answer 1

• Satyagraha
• Ahimsa
• Swadesh

Question 2

When was the Khilafat movement?

Answer 2

1919-24

Question 3

What was the Khilafat movement?

Answer 3

International Muslim movement protesting against the post-war breakup of the Ottoman Empire

Question 4

Reasons for Gandhi’s emergence in 1917-1920 (3)

Answer 4

• combining spiritual strength with political awareness had immense popular appeal
• No other political leader to challenge his influence
• Members of Congress so divided that they couldn’t unite to oppose Gandhi

Question 5

Why did Gandhi not have much political competition in the 1920s

Answer 5

• Tilak died in 1920
• Gokhale died in 1915
• Annie Besant was seen as a woman of little consequence

Question 6

What were the aims of non-cooperation 1920-1922

Answer 6

• Make the Raj ungovernable

- Aim of swaraj within a year

Question 7

What did non-cooperation entail (6/7)

Answer 7

• Boycott elections to the new legislative assemblies
• Boycott the law courts
• withhold taxes
• refuse to buy imported goods
• leave all government posts
• remove children from government schools
• refuse invitations from the Raj

Question 8

Ways in which non-cooperation was a success (2/4)

Answer 8

• Students boycotted exams
• Boycott of British cloth had an economic effect on manufacturers
• Taxes were not paid
• Large number of voters stayed away from 1920 elections

Question 9

Ways in which non-cooperation failed

Answer 9

• Many Indians were unable to understand the concept of satyagraha
  e. g violence broke out when the Prince of Wales visited in 1921

Question 10

When was the end of non-cooperation and why?

Answer 10

Feb 1922, Chauri Chaura

-Mob had burned to death 22 policemen

Question 11

What was gained by Congress’ commitment to satyagraha

Answer 11

• Acquired a deeper understanding of peasant needs

- ability to understand local grievances and link with the broader campaign for swaraj

Question 12

How much did the membership of Congress increase

Answer 12

From 100,000 to 2 million by 1921

Question 13

Ways in which Congress increased its support? (2)

Answer 13

• Extended its appeal into a wider spread of geographical areas
• Began facilitating interest groups that had been previously neglected. e.g. richer peasantries and commercial castes

Question 14

What was Gandhi’s political approach in 1924?

Answer 14

• ‘Back to basics’, set up the All-Indian Spinners Association.
• Promoted self-sufficiency and campaigns of mass literacy

Question 15

Who were the young hooligans?

Answer 15

• Jawarhalal Nehru
• Bose
• Narayan

Question 16

What did the young hooligans want?

Answer 16

-Total independence and renewed action

Question 17

What was the Nehru Report (1928)

Answer 17

• Recommended dominion status on the same terms of Canada and Australia
• Suggested Princely states and British India were to be joined in a federation

Question 18

What was the Simon Commission?

Answer 18

Arrived in 1928, to review the Government of India Act 1919
-Not a single indian on the commission-

Question 19

Irwin Declaration

Answer 19

1929- Declared that the attainment of dominion status was the logical progression of the Montagu declaration

Question 20

Delhi Proposal

Answer 20

1927- proposals to safeguard Muslim representation

Question 21

Jinnah’s 14 points

Answer 21

1929- Legal safeguard to protect minority rights
-Rejected by Congress

Question 22

When was the goal of Purna Swaraj decided?

Answer 22

Dec 1929

Question 23

When was the Salt March?

Answer 23

March 1930

Question 24

What was the Salt March protesting

Answer 24

-Britain’s Salt tax and to publicise a boycott of salt

Question 25

What did Gandhi do before the Salt March

Answer 25

Held a gathering before which drew 75,000 people

Question 26

How was the Salt March symbolic

Answer 26

Embraced all religious communities and castes

Question 27

Why was the Simon Commission brought forward

Answer 27

Secretary of State for India- Lord Birkenhead brought the review forward so that it could take place under a conservative government

Question 28

What was the point of the Simon Commission

Answer 28

Government sent a parliamentary delegation headed by Sir John Simon to
-find out how the GOIA had been working
- to make any recommendations for necessary review

Question 29

What was controversial about the simon commission - why was this significant

Answer 29

No indian members- Indians saw this as the future of India to be decided by British politicians in Westminster and that Indians were to take no part in deciding their future

Question 30

Reaction to Simon Commission

Answer 30

Everywhere the commission went were met with mass demonstrations, which the police couldn’t control

Question 31

Who co-operated with the Simon Commission

Answer 31

some Muslims, Anglo-Indians, Sikhs and Untouchables
minority groups hoped for a better future than that which they anticipated under a Hindu-dominated Congress

Question 32

When was the Irwin Declaration

Answer 32

31st October 1929

Question 33

What did the Irwin Declaration state (3)

Answer 33

-reiterated Montagu declaration
-the attainment of dominion status would be a natural development
-Indian representatives would be invited to a RTC where the details of a new Indian constitution would be discussed

Question 34

When was the Gandhi Irwin Pact

Answer 34

March 1931

Question 35

Who brokered the Gandhi Irwin Pact

Answer 35

• Indian businessmen, worried about the effect of civil disobedience on the economy

Question 36

What was agreed in the Gandhi Irwin Pact (4)

Answer 36

• Congress’ civil disobedience campaign was suspended
• Gandhi arrive at RTC2
• 19,000 Congress supporters to be released from jail
• confiscated property was to be returned to its owners