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History- India > Key Component 4 1940-42 > Flashcards

Key Component 4 1940-42 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why did Britain’s survival rely on the strategic support of the USA (3)

A
  • Fall of Singapore in 1942
  • Japanese armies swiftly occupied British territory in Malaya and Burma
  • Pressing at the north-eastern border of India
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2
Q

When was the Atlantic Charter

A

August 1941

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3
Q

What was the Atlantic Charter

A

Statement that set out American and British goals for the world after WW2

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4
Q

What quote was included in the Atlantic Charter

A

Support for “Sovereign rights and self-government”

-FDR saw this as applying to all, disagreement with Churchill

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5
Q

What did the USA do to Britain

A

Consistently pushed Churchill to make concessions to Indian nationalist demands

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6
Q

When was Cripps sent out

A

April 1942

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7
Q

Why was Sir Stafford Cripps sent out

A

Sent to India to discuss the implications of the declaration of Dominion status made in August 1940

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8
Q

What were the 2 parts of Cripps’ brief

A
  • Explain and win backing for the August offer by discussing the processes necessary to bring about Dominion status
  • Discuss the arrangements for the war on the basis of the 1935 Act with some scope for additional Indian representation on the Executive Council
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9
Q

What did Cripps propose? (2)

A
  • Dominion status would include the right to provinces NOT to join the Dominion
  • the Executive Council should include an Indian as defence minister
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10
Q

What was the result of the Cripps mission

A

Lack of approval and was a failure

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11
Q

Failure factors that Cripps identified (2)

A
  • -Defeatist attitude aggravated by enemy propaganda
  • Hindu-Muslim political antagonism
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12
Q

How was Cripps criticised

A

Cripps was seen as going beyond his brief with his ideas of an Indian as Defence Minister

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13
Q

How did the British respond to Cripps’ proposals (3)

A
  • Greeted suspiciously by the British, who perceived them as increasing resistance
  • Linlithgow had not been briefed, ensured some antagonism
  • Churchill saw Cripps as a political rival
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14
Q

How did Congress react to the Cripps mission

A

Rejected the proposals on 10 April 1942

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15
Q

Why did Congress reject Cripps proposals

A
  • Saw no point in rushing to agree, if the deteriorating war situation would force Britain to offer more later
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16
Q

How did the Muslim League react to the Cripps mission

A
  • rejected the proposals and was increasingly confident in challenging Congress’ claim to represent all Indian opinion
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17
Q

How did both groups react to the failure of the Cripps mission

A
  • Both sides saw this as the opportunity to harden their approaches further
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18
Q

How did Linlithgow harden his approach? (3)

A
  • Increased press censorship
  • Used more centralised Special Branch surveillance to intercept Congress communications
  • Ordered a search for information to allow him to suggest that Congress was pro-Nazi
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19
Q

What did Gandhi declare in 1942 (3)

A
  • Britain was unable to defend India
  • India should prepare a defence strategy of peaceful non-cooperation
  • Argued that Japan’s hostility was directed at Britain and India would be able to negotiate peace (Congress declined to agree)
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20
Q

How was the government aware of the plans of civil disobediance

A

Through intercepts in summer 1942

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21
Q

When was the Quit India Resolution announced

A

8 August 1942, Gandhi asked Indians to “Do or Die”

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22
Q

British response to Quit India - Congress

A
  • Congress leaders across India were arrested
  • The Congress working committee was imprisoned (but its members were able to meet freely, and so continued political discussions)
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23
Q

British response to Quit India amongst general population (4)

A
  • Police shot on sight those breaking curfew
  • Conducted public whippings
  • about 100,000 protestors arrested
  • over 1,000 killed
24
Q

Specific example of violence in Quit India

A
  • Initial Delhi hartal resulted in arson and the killing of 14 people by police
25
Q

What emergency powers did Linlithgow get

A
  • the Revolutionary Movements Ordinance gave the viceroy emergency powers
  • ALTHOUGH, it was initially struck down by courts and reissued with slight amendments by government
26
Q

When did the British suppress Quit India + how

A

End of 1942, using 57 infantry battalions to restore order

27
Q

What had the British lost in the Quit India movement (2)

A
  • Lost their moral authority within India
  • Tainted US opinion; saw the British as more interested in preserving their empire than defeating the common enemy of democracy
28
Q

When did Wavell become viceroy

A

October 1943

29
Q

Wavell’s actions in response to the Bengal famine (3)

A
  • Diverted soldiers to assist with the distribution of food
  • introduced rationing
  • Control of panic buying and profiteering
30
Q

Britain’s wartime expenditure

A

-By 1945 the war time expenditure was £70 million a day
Total British debt was £2.73 billion

31
Q

How much did Britain spend on administering the Empire

A

-Amount the government received was £1,400 million HOWEVER cost of administering was £2 billion

32
Q

Evidence of the empire declining for decades (war just exacerbated this) (2)

A

-Imports from Britain to India had fallen from £83 million in 1929 to £39 million in 1936
-Japanese competition in the 1930s further squeezed out British goods

33
Q

WHY was the fall of Singapore significant (4)

A
  • The whole of Asia now lay open to the Japanese
  • Calcutta, Madras and ports along the Bay of Bengal had come under attack from Japan’s ships and aircraft
  • Linlithgow didn’t have sufficient armed forces
  • FEARED Indians would co-operate with the Japanese
34
Q

when was the fall of Singapore

A

15 February 1942

35
Q

Why was British policy influenced by the USA

A
  • British government became increasingly dependent on the United States for military and financial support
36
Q

Why was the August offer 1940 offered?

A

The British government was under increasing pressure to make political concessions to Indians

37
Q

What was offered in the August offer? (4)

A
  • ‘representative’ Indians would join his Executive Council
  • A War Advisory Council would be established that would include the princes and other interested parties
  • Assurance that the government would not adopt any new constitution without the prior approval of Muslim India
  • Dominion
38
Q

How did groups react to the August offer

A
  • Quickly rejected by Congress and individual civil disobedience campaigns began that saw the arrest of 20,000 within a year
  • For Congress there was little new in the August Offer, which repeated the offer of Dominion Status that Congress had rejected
39
Q

what did the august offer show about the AIML

A

Further evidence of the strength of the Muslim League
-offer had been based on proposals submitted by Jinnah

40
Q

Why did Churchill send Cripps (2)

A
  • To secure full Indian cooperation and support for the war effort
  • recognised that some sort of self-determination would be necessary in return
41
Q

Why was Gandhi furious at Cripps’ proposal (3)

A
  • No new concessions
  • not willing to accept a situation where states were allowed to opt out of a united India
  • Indian opinion saw it as Britain clinging on to India at all costs
42
Q

Why was Churchill and Linlithgow angry at Cripps

A

Believed that the Raj had to remain in control while the war against Germany continued

43
Q

Why did Jinnah reject the Cripps proposal

A
  • Did not believe that Cripps went far enough to safeguard Muslim interests
44
Q

Factors that led to the failure of the Mission (4)

A

-Lord Linlithgow
-American influence
-Churchill
-Cripps

45
Q

How did Linlithgow lead to the failure of the Cripps mission

A
  • Not briefed about the Cripps Mission and felt immediately undermined
  • worsened when Linlithgow felt that Cripps had failed to consult him during negotiations
46
Q

How did the American influence cause the Cripps mission to fail (3)

A
  • Churchill resented the US influence on the process (which hardened his attitude against reforms)
  • talks also made more complicated by the presence of Colonel Louis Johnson, an American who acted as a representative of FDR, had no experience or skills suitable
  • encouraged Cripps to include an Indian Defence Minister
47
Q

How did Churchill cause the Cripps mission to fail

A
  • Strongly opposed to reforms
  • only wanted to be seen to be addressing the issue to ensure US support in the War
48
Q

How did Cripps cause the Cripps mission to fail

A
  • negotiated beyond his ‘remit’
  • Final offer to Congress had not been approved by Churchill
49
Q

Significance of the Cripps mission (2)

A
  • AIML were encouraged by the prospect of the states ‘opting out’ the new Dominion- Cripps was the first British official to publicly discuss the possibility of 2 independent separate states
  • Congress was ‘blamed’ for the failure of the Mission. Churchill presented Congress, not himself, as the primary obstacle to reform in India
50
Q

When was the Quit India campaign launched

A

8 August 1942- Congress officially sanctioned Gandhi’s satyagraha

51
Q

What did Congress leaders tell their supporters to do for the Quit India campaign

A

make India ungovernable

52
Q

What did Linlithgow do after the failure of Cripps (2)

A

Linlithgow increased press censorship while using more centralised Special Branch surveillance to intercept Congress communications

53
Q

What did Linlithgow do before Quit India (Congress)

A
  • Congress leaders across India were arrested in morning raids
  • Congress working committee was imprisoned
54
Q

Quit India British repression

A

-Police shot on sight those breaking curfew and conducted public whippings
-hundreds killed
-about 500 arrested without trial

55
Q

How did the British suppress Quit India

A
  • used 57 battalions to restore order
  • large scale repression
  • All Indian members of the Executive Council resigned

History- India (10 decks)

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