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History- India > Key Component 3: British policy 1931-42 > Flashcards

Key Component 3: British policy 1931-42 Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the first RTC

A

Nov 1930- Jan 1931

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2
Q

Who chaired the first RTC

A

Labour PM, Ramsay MacDonald

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3
Q

How many British delegates were there in RTC1

A

16 delegates who represented the 3 British political parties

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4
Q

Who was the Conservative group led by in RTC1

A

Sir Samuel Hoare

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5
Q

Who was the Liberal group led by in RTC1

A

Lord Reading (Indian Viceroy 1921-1926)

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6
Q

How many delegates were there who represented general Indian opinion

A

58 Indian delegates (all viceroy nominees)
-no formal mandate

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7
Q

How many representatives were from princely states

A

princes sent 16 representatives

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8
Q

Who did not participate in RTC1

A

Congress

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9
Q

What conclusion did RTC1 come to (3)

A
  • India would run as a type of dominion
  • Dominion would take the form of a federation that would include Princely states and the 11 British provinces
  • Indian participation in all levels of government
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10
Q

When was the inauguration of New Delhi

A

Feb 1931

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11
Q

When was RTC2

A

September - December 1931

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12
Q

What made it possible for Congress to be represented

A

Gandhi- Irwin Pact 1931

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13
Q

How many delegates from Congress were there in RTC2

A

Gandhi SOLE representative
-symbolise the UNITY of the Indian nationalist movement

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14
Q

What did Gandhi claim

A

Claimed the Congress alone could represent the whole of political India
-Alienated all groups seeking separate electorates, especially Muslims

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15
Q

What did Gandhi support at this point

A

-Supported Purna Swaraj
-Could not accept any solution that involved a form of dominion status

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16
Q

Who represented Muslims in RTC2 (2)

A
  • Iqbal- the Aga Khan
  • Muhammed Jinnah
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17
Q

Who represented Sikhs in RTC2

A

Master Tara Singh

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18
Q

Who represented the Untouchables

A

Dr Ambedkar

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19
Q

What did ALL minority groups demand

A

Separate electorates

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20
Q

Result of RTC2

A

Failed- couldn’t agree on a workable constitution

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21
Q

When was RTC3

A

Nov- Dec 1932

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22
Q

Why did RTC3 FAIL (2)

A
  • Only 46 delegates (none form INC or Labour)
  • Couldn’t reach any definite conclusions
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23
Q

What was the government of Britain 1931

A

-Aug 1931, the Labour government had resigned
-REPLACED by a Tory dominated coalition (the National Govenmnet)

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24
Q

Why did the British government pay less attention to Indian nationalist demands in this period (3)

A
  • the great depression
  • mass unemployment
  • economic collapse
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25
Q

Who became Secretary of State for India in 1931

A

-Sir Samuel Hoare
-had even more reservations about granting self-government than his predecessor William Wedgewood

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26
Q

What did Winston Churchill campaign against

A
  • Campaigned against Congress and Indian self-government
  • joined the Indian Empire Society
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27
Q

What did Churchill set up

A

-The Indian Defence League
-had support from 50 conservative MPs

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28
Q

Why was Congress not at RTC1

A

Nehru and Gandhi were in jail

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29
Q

Who became Viceroy in 1931

A

Willingdon became Viceroy
-adopted stricter measures against protestors and alienated nationalist opinion

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30
Q

Willingdon repression (4)

A
  • 4 Jan 1932, Gandhi arrested/imprisoned
  • Congress outlawed
  • ALL of Congress Working Committee were imprisoned
  • Youth organisations banned
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31
Q

Within 4 months of Willingdon how many were imprisoned

A

80,000 indians, mostly members of Congress

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32
Q

What was Indian reaction to Willingdon repression

A
  • Reaction was swift, but w/o Congress lacked organisation
  • Authorities were able to keep control
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33
Q

What did Indians do in response to Willingdon repression (4)

A
  • Boycotts
  • non-payment of taxes
  • youth organisations became popular
  • terrorist activity increased
34
Q

What angered Churchill and how did he show his discontent (1931)

A
  • Angered him that Baldwin and other conservatives supported Dominion
  • 1931 Churchill resigned from shadow cabinet
35
Q

When was the Communal award announced

A

1932

36
Q

What did the Communal Award set out

A
  • designated minority groups as separate classes, entitled to separate electorates in any new Indian constitution
37
Q

How did Gandhi react to the Communal Award (3)

A
  • Furious- especially the inclusion of Untouchables
  • Gandhi saw this as the British government trying to weaken Congress by separating the Untouchables/ fragment Hindu society
  • launched a fast-unto-death
38
Q

What was the Yeravda Pact

A
  • In response to Gandhi’s fast:
  • Hindu leaders and representatives of Untouchables hammered out a set of proposals to counteract the Communal Award
39
Q

What did the Communal Award initially set out for Untouchables

A

allocation of 71 seats on the provincial legislatures to Untouchables

40
Q

What did Gandhi and the delegation settle on for Untouchables in the Yeravda Pact (5)

A
  • 148 seats
  • elected by a system of primary and secondary elections for seats allocated to Untouchables
  • only Untouchables being able to vote in the relevant primary elections
  • Untouchables would be allocated 18 percent of the Central Assembly seats
  • money set aside by every provincial assembly for the education of Untouchables
41
Q

British government and the Yeravda (Poona) pact (3)

A
  • Accepted the pact
  • made the necessary changes
  • the new Communal Award would be incorporated into the new Indian Constitution
42
Q

What was the 1935 Government of India Act

A
  • Final British- written constitution to be imposed on India
  • BUT only the clauses dealing with provincial governments were actually implemented
43
Q

Main features of the 1935 GOIA (6)

A
  • India divided up into 11 provinces-each with a legislative assmebly and provincial government
  • Each province would have a governer, retained the power to act in an emergency
  • Dyarchy abolished
  • Separate electorates continue
  • Burma spearated from India
  • Sindh and Orissa created
44
Q

What would the provinces NOT control in the GOIA 1935

A

-Defense and foreign affairs

45
Q

Why did Congress object to the Act 1935 (3)

A
  • Party wanted Purna Swaraj
  • could not support provincial governments because some provincial governments would be Muslim
  • also objected against reserving seats for minority groups
46
Q

Why did the AIML object to the Act 1935 (2)

A
  • did not offer enough power to muslims in central or provincial legislatures
  • no guarantees were offered for the protection of rights of Muslims
47
Q

Why did the princes object to the Act 1935 (2)

A
  • An all India federation would result in the diminution of the power of the princes
  • Prepared to bargain to protect their fiscal rights
48
Q

What did Conservative gov. fear of the princes after 1935 Act

A

Afraid that the princes would join Tory-diehards, such as Churchill and prevent the complete implementation of the Act

49
Q

Riots resulting from the 1935 Act

A

rioting in Hyderabad and Khasi

50
Q

What did Congress want for the princes (2)

A
  • Opposed the idea of princes’ nomination to any federal legislature
  • wanted to end their autocracy
    BUT afraid of splinter groups
51
Q

Why did the RTC fail (5)

A
  • British political context changed
  • Gandhi’s refusal to co-operate
  • issue of separate electorates
  • communal divisions
  • Only offering dominion status
52
Q

Churchill: “I hate Indians…

A

…they are a beastly people with a beastly religion”

53
Q

Robert Pearce on the GOIA 1935

A

“had no wish to leave India: they wanted to buy off Indian nationalists with the minimum reforms they would accept”

54
Q

John Keay quote on the GOIA 1935

A

“raised the spectre of provincial devolution, leading to the possible fragmentation of British India and its as yet unthinkable partition”

55
Q

How did the 1937 elections show the strength and success of Congress (2)

A
  • Congress was the largest party in 7/11 provinces
  • Congress controlled the provincial governments in 7/11 provinces
56
Q

The weakness of the Muslim League in 1937 elections (3)

A

-3 provinces, the AIML won 0 seats
-in the Punjab the AIML won 2/86 reserved seats for Muslims (2%)
-AIML won 22% of the seats reserved for Muslims

57
Q

Failure of Congress to gain muslim support in 1937 elections

A

2% of Congress representatives were Muslim

58
Q

What was Jinnah’s strategic leadership (2)

A
  • Established the AIML as a mass movement
  • established vital strategic alliances with local Muslim parties to strengthen the AIML in Key provinces
59
Q

Examples of Jinnah trying to establish the AIML as a mass movement (4)

A
  • ‘Tipu Sultan Day’ was inaugurated in honour of the Muslim Sultan, heightened Islamic pride
  • targeted University students: set up the AIM student’s federation
  • reduced price of membership to 2 annas
  • promoted muslim identity through the promotion of Urdu and traditional clothing that overcame regional divisions
60
Q

How did the the conduct of Congress help revitalise the AIML (3)

A
  • appointing relatives and fellow caste members to jobs they controlled created resentment
  • ignored minority interests and behaved spitefully
  • Congress were increasingly divided and distracted by in-fighting
61
Q

INC ignored minority interests and behaved spitefully

A
  • Introduced fiscal policies that harmed Muslim landowners,
  • Cow-slaughter banned in Bihar
62
Q

When did Britain declare war on germany

A

3 Sepetember 1939

63
Q

Congress reaction to Britain’s decision to enter ww2

A

Shock and horror- weren’t consulted in the decision, no power-sharing

64
Q

Nehru’s reaction to the outbreak of War

A
  • Sympathised with the Britain but weren’t prepared to commit themselves to support a government that had not consulted them.
  • not prepared to fight unless they were granted immediate swaraj
65
Q

What did Congress do in reaction to WW2

A

Withdrew the ministries where it had a majority to disassociate India from the war.
-Congress leaders ordered all Congress members to resign from provincial ministries throughout India

66
Q

What did Jinnah do in response to Congress resigning

A
  • Jinnah designated 22 December 1939, as Muslims India “Day of Deliverance”
  • suggested that the AIML should hold public meetings and offer prayers of Thanksgiving for deliverance from the Congress regime
67
Q

When was the Lahore Resolution and how many attended

A

March 1940- 100,000 attended

68
Q

The Lahore Resolution proposals (2)

A
  • where Muslims were in the majority should be grouped to form independent states
  • that minorities should be protected, whether the people concerned were living in Muslim- or Hindu dominated states
  • AIML became a genuine mass movement that spoke for Muslims across India
69
Q

Congress’s reaction to the Lahore Resolution

A
  • Both Gandhi and Nehru denounced the idea of a separate Muslim state
  • Mini-satyagrahas broke out protesting against the Lahore Resolution
70
Q

August Offer 1940 proposal (4)

A
  • ‘Representative’ Indians would join his Executive Council
  • A War Advisory Council would be established that would include princes and other interested parties
  • Assurance that the government would not adopt any new constitution without the prior approval of Muslim India
  • Dominion status
71
Q

What did Subhas Chandra Bose do in 1939

A

-Left Congress
-Formed the Forward Bloc Party (terrorist organisation aimed at getting the British to Quit India)

72
Q

The Forward Bloc conference

A

Conference in Nagpur 1940
-Passed a resolution urging militant action against British colonial rule

73
Q

How did Britain react to the Forward Bloc (4)

A
  • Banned the Forward Bloc and its publications
  • attempted to destroy seditious material
  • HOWEVER anti-British activities continued but without central direction
  • e.g in Bihar Forward Bloc members were involved in underground resistance groups and distributed anti-British propaganda
74
Q

What did Bose do in Japan

A

formed the Indian National Army (INA) from Indian POW

75
Q

What did the Indian National Army do in 1944

A

6,000 INA soldiers went into action with Japanese troops

400 were killed, the rest surrendered

NOT SUCCESFUL

76
Q

Why was Congress divided in itself in 1938-9 (3)

A
  • Congress’s central leadership was uncertain as to how much control it would delegate to provincial leaders
  • torn by infighting over its presidency
  • divided on what extent they should support Britain during the conflict
77
Q

How was Congress torn by infighting (3)

A
  • Considerable pressure for Bose to quit
  • BUT Jawaharlal Nehru refused to stand in his place and Bose himself refused to stand aside for the Gandhi faction nominee Pattabhi Sitaramayya
  • Party could not function due to huge rifts
78
Q

What did Linlithgow’s unilateral decision suggest about the GOIA

A

Suggested that the power sharing promise in the GOIA was meaningless.
-Further undermined any trust between Congress leaders and the British

79
Q

What was the Lahore resolution evidence of (4)

A
  • Jinnah’s successful leadership
  • how WW2 strengthened the League; more radical and confident
  • deteriorating relations between Hindus and Muslims
    BUT
  • the resolution was unclear and was never properly clarified by Jinnah or the League
80
Q

Jinnah quote on WW2

A

“war which nobody welcomed proved to be a blessing in disguise”

History- India (10 decks)

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