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Evolution > Key Terms for Exam II, Practice questions, Old quiz questions > Flashcards

Key Terms for Exam II, Practice questions, Old quiz questions Flashcards

1
Q

Species exist when they are _____ from one another because of a lack of _____.

A

Genetically isolated from one another because of a lack of gene flow.

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2
Q

Divergence in traits such as genitalia shape prevents fertilization. What specific type of pre-zygotic isolation is this known as?

A

Mechanical isolation

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3
Q

When there is high allelic diversity within a population, is there a good or bad chance of evolution?

A

Good chance

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4
Q

Dispersal and vicariance result in _____ speciation.

A

Allopatric speciation

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5
Q

The _____ looks at genetic divergence as well as morphological traits.

A

Phylogenetic species

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6
Q

The _____ considers evolutionary independence due to reproductive isolation.

A

Biological species concept

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7
Q

The _____ is the primary way in which fossils are assigned to species

A

Morphospecies concept

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8
Q

Allele frequencies do not change very much due to _____. And in no case will an allele be lost.

A

Genetic drift

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9
Q

Allelic frequency increases over generations. This is due to what?

A

Selection

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10
Q

Allelic frequency decreases over time and eventually the allele is lost. This is due to?

A

Deleterious mutation

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11
Q

Mutations that affect cells in the body

A

Somatic mutations

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12
Q

Mutations that affect games and can be passed from parents to offspring

A

Germ-line mutations

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13
Q

A trait for which multiple, discrete phenotypes can arise from a single genotype depending on environmental circumstances

A

Polyphenic trait

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14
Q

A signaling molecule that flows between nearby cells and acts directly to alter expression of target genes

A

Morphogen

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15
Q

Measurable phenotypes that vary among individuals over a given range to produce a continuous distribution of phenotypes

A

Quantitative traits

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16
Q

A type of genetic drift describing the loss of allelic variation that accompanies formation of a new population

A

Founder effect

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17
Q

Occurs when the effects of an allele at one locus are modified by alleles at one or more other loci

A

Epistasis

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18
Q

Selection that favors more than one allele. It acts to maintain genetic diversity

A

Balancing selection

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19
Q

This is when rare genotypes have higher fitness than common genotypes. This process can maintain genetic variation in a population.

A

Negative frequency-dependent selection

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20
Q

An allele that yields twice the phenotypic effect when two copies are present at a given locus than when only a single copy is present is known as…

A

An additive allele

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21
Q

Natural selection is ineffective in a _____ population and effective in _____ ones.

A

Small - ineffective

Large - effective

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22
Q

Based on the options above, _____ most specifically defines when two rival males
compete.

A

Interspecific conflict

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23
Q

Based on the options above, _____ more generally defines when two rival males
compete.

A

Intraspecific conflict

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24
Q

Sharp-shooters have a morphological trait known as a _____.

A

Bacteriome

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25
Q

The sharp-shooter example most correctly represents an example of _____.

A

Endosymbiosis

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26
Q

_____ is when species interact antagonistically in a way that results in each species
exerting reciprocal directional selection on the other.

A

Coevolutionary escalation/arms race

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27
Q

A relationship involving two species in which one species benefits but the other suffers no loss of fitness is
known as _____.

A

Positive/neutral commensalism

28
Q

One of several alternative forms of DNA sequence of same locus

A

Allele

29
Q

A form of cell division that occurs only in eukaryotes. # of chromosomes cut in half

A

Meiosis

30
Q

Exchange of genetic material between paired chromosomes during meiosis

A

Genetic recombination

31
Q

Alleles that produce the same phenotype whether they are paired with an identical allele or a different allele

A

Dominant allele

32
Q

Alleles that produce their characteristic phenotype only when they are paired with an identical allele

A

Recessive allele

33
Q

Changes in the phenotype produced by a single genotype in different environments

A

Phenotypic plasticity

34
Q

The study of distribution of alleles within populations and the mechanisms that cause allelic frequencies to change over time

A

Population genetics

35
Q

The specific locus of a gene or piece of DNA sequence on a chromosome

A

Genetic locus

36
Q

This theorum proves that in absence of genetic drift, mutation, selection, migration, allele frequencies at a genetic locus will not change from one generation to the next

A

Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium

37
Q

An allele becomes _____ in a population when all of the alternative alleles have disappeared

A

Fixed

38
Q

The success of an organism at surviving and reproducing, contributing offspring to future generations

A

Fitness

39
Q

Success of the genotype at producing new individuals standardized by the success of other genotypes in the population

A

Relative fitness

40
Q

Difference between average fitness of individuals bearing the allele and average fitness of population as a whole

A

Average excess of fitness

41
Q

Condition when a mutation in a single gene affects the expression of many different phenotypic traits

A

Pleiotropy

42
Q

Selection that decreases the frequency of alleles within a population

A

Negative selection

43
Q

Selection that increases the frequency of alleles within a population

A

Positive selection

44
Q

The probability that the two alleles at any locus in an individual will be identical by descent

A

Inbreeding coefficient

45
Q

A reduction in the average fitness of inbred individuals relative to that of outbred individuals

A

Inbreeding depression

46
Q

A group of spatially separated populations of the same species that interact at some level

A

Metapopulation

47
Q

Species are metapopulations of organisms that exchange alleles frequently enough that they comprise the same gene pool and therefore same evolutionary lineage

A

General lineage species concept

48
Q

An aspect of the environment, genetics, behavior, physiology, or ecology of a species that reduces or impedes gene flow from individuals of other species

A

Isolation barrier

49
Q

Evolutionary process by which new species arise

A

Speciation

50
Q

Occurs when populations are in separate, non over-lapping geographic areas

A

Allopatric

51
Q

Occurs when populations are in same geographic area

A

Sympatry

52
Q

Occurs when reproductive barriers prevent or strongly limit reproduction between populations

A

Reproductive isolation

53
Q

Occurs when sperm or pollen from one species fails to penetrate and fertilize the egg of another species

A

Gametic incompatibility

54
Q

Divergence in traits between population that prevents fertilization

A

Prezygotic isolation

55
Q

Hybrid offspring that are sterile/infertile

A

Postzygotic isolation

56
Q

Breeding at different times pf the year

A

Temporal isolation

57
Q

Different calls/mating dances

A

Behavioral isolation

58
Q

Reciprocal evolutionary change between interacting species, driven by natural selection

A

Coevolution

59
Q

Selection that occurs in two species, due to their interactions with one another

A

Reciprocal selection

60
Q

A theory that proposes that the geographic structure of populations is central to the dynamics of coevolution

A

Geographic mosaic theory of coevolution

61
Q

Occurs when several harmful/distasteful species resemble each other in appearance, facilitating learned avoidance of predators

A

Mullerian mimicry

62
Q

Occurs when harmless species resemble harmful/distasteful species, deriving protection from predators in the process

A

Batesian mimicry

63
Q

An increase in genetic diversity caused by the heterogeneity of coevolutionary processes across the range of ecological partners

A

Diversifying coevolution

64
Q

Mutualistic organisms that live within the body or cells of another organism

A

Endosymbionts

65
Q

An RNA virus that uses an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to become part of the host cells’ DNA

A

Retrovirus

66
Q
A

Evolution (15 decks)

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