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Evolution > Key Terms for Exam 1 > Flashcards

Key Terms for Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Any change in the inherited traits of a population that occurs from one generation to the next (over a period longer than the lifetime of an individual in the population)

A

Biological evolution

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2
Q

A process by which populations of organisms change over time

A

Evolution

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3
Q

A chain of ancestors and their descendants.
May be the successive generations of organisms in a single population, the members of an entire species during an interval of geological time, or a group of related species descending from a common ancestor

A

Lineage

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4
Q

A mechanism that can lead to evolution, whereby differential survival or reproduction of individuals causes some genetic types to replace (outcompete) others

A

Natural selection

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5
Q

The independent origin of similar traits in separate lineages

A

Convergent evolution

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6
Q

Characteristics are similar in two or more species because they are inherited from a common ancestor

A

Homologous

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7
Q

A derived form of a trait that is shared by a group of related species (i.e., one that evolved in the immediate common ancestor of the group and was inherited by all its descendants).

A

Synapomorphy

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8
Q

A visual representation of the evolutionary history of populations, genes or species

A

Phylogeny

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9
Q

Any change to the genomic sequence of an organism

A

Mutation

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10
Q

Occurs when genetic material from different strains get mixed into new combinations within a single individual

A

Viral reassortment

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11
Q

Evolution arising from random changes in the genetic composition of a population from one generation to the next

A

Genetic drift

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12
Q

A protein on the surface of the influenza virus that latches it to a host cell

A

Hemagglutinin

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13
Q

Measurable aspects of organisms, such as morphology (structure), physiology, and behavior. Genes interact with other genes and with the environment

A

Phenotypes

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14
Q

A group of organisms that a taxonomist judges to be a taxonomic unit, such as a species or order

A

Taxon (taxa)

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15
Q

The science of describing, naming, and classifying species of living or fossil organisms

A

Taxonomy

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16
Q

The study of layering in rock

A

Stratigraphy

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17
Q

The study of prehistoric life

A

Paleontology

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18
Q

The permanent loss of a population or species, arising with the death or failure to breed of the last individual

A

Extinction

19
Q

The idea that the natural laws observable around us now are also responsible for events in the past.

A

Uniformitarianism

20
Q

Traits are similar because they are inherited from a common ancestor

A

Homologous

21
Q

Traits are similar because they have converged on a shared form. Not derived from a common ancestor

A

Analogous

22
Q

A mechanism that can lead to evolution, whereby differential reproduction of individuals causes some genetic types to replace (outcompete) others

A

Natural selection

23
Q

Inherited aspects of an individual that allow it to outcompete other members of a population that lack the trait (or that have slightly different version of the trait).

A

Adaptations

24
Q

Arises when individuals of one sex (usually males) compete with each other over access to individuals of the other sex. It can lead to the evolution of traits like showy ornaments or weapons that improve an individual’s chances of mating

A

Sexual selection

25
Q

A change in the frequency of traits or genetic variants that arises across generations due to random events. Most pronounced in small populations

A

Genetic drift

26
Q

Terminal ends of an evolutionary tree, representing species, molecules, or populations being compared

A

Tips

27
Q

Lineages evolving through time between successive speciation events

A

Branches

28
Q

A point in a phylogeny where a lineage splits (a speciation event)

A

Node

29
Q

Nodes within a phylogeny representing ancestral populations or species

A

Internal nodes

30
Q

An organism and all of its descendants

A

Clade

31
Q

A term used to describe a group of organisms that form a clade

A

Monophyletic

32
Q

Heritable aspects of organisms that can be compared across taxa

A

Characters

33
Q

Phylogenetic methods that construct trees by grouping taxa into nested hierarchies (clades) according to their shared derived characters (synapomorphies)

A

Cladistics

34
Q

Character state similarity not due to shared descent (ex. produced by convergent evolution or evolutionary reversal)

A

Homoplasy

35
Q

The reversion of a derived character state to its ancestral state

A

Evolutionary reversal

36
Q

A trait that originates performing one function, and which is later co-opted for a new function

A

Exaptation

37
Q

Members of the hominin genus Australopithecus

A

Australopithecines

38
Q

Similar to natural selection, except that it results from human activity. When breeders nonrandomly choose individuals with economically favorable traits to use as breeding stock, they impose strong _____ on those traits.

A

Artificial selection

39
Q

The transfer of alleles from one population to another. Occurs when organisms or their gametes move from one location to another

A

Gene flow

40
Q

Structures constructed by organisms that can influence their performance or success. Although they are not part of the organism itself, their properties nevertheless reflect the genotype of each individual. Animal examples include the nests constructed by birds and the galls of flies.

A

Extended phenotypes

41
Q

An antipredator strategy used by a potential prey item to signal danger or a lack of palatability. Ex. warning coloration

A

Aposematism

42
Q

The physical proximity of alleles at different loci. Genetic loci that are physically close to one another on the same chromosome are less likely to be separated by recombination during meiosis, and are thus said to be….

A

Genetic linkage (genetically linked)

43
Q

Strong selection can “sweep” a favorable allele to fixation within a population so fast that there is little opportunity for recombination.

A

Selective sweep

Evolution (15 decks)

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