Exam II - Chapter 5

Question 1

Alters the product of the gene, and thus its function or activity

Type of mutation and location?

Answer 1

Substitution, insertion, deletion, duplication

Coding region

Question 2

Alters the timing, location, or level of expression of the gene

Alters the developmental or environmental context in which the gene is expressed

Mutation located in CIS-REGULATORY REGIONS

Answer 2

Substitution, insertion, deletion, duplication that alters the binding affinity of promoters, activators, repressors, etc.

Question 3

Alters the binding affinity and thus the activity of a promoter, activator, repressor, etc.

Type of mutation? Location of mutation?

Answer 3

Mutations to coding regions of trans-acting factor

Trans-regulatory regions

Question 4

Alters where, when or to what extent inhibitory, activating, or other trans-acting regulatory factors are expressed

Type of mutation? Location of mutation?

Answer 4

Mutation to cis- or trans- regulatory regions of trans-acting factors

Trans-Regulatory Regions

Question 5

Alters the timing, location, or level of expression of the gene

Alters the developmental or environmental context in which the gene is expressed

Located in Physiological Pathways (ex: hormones)

Type of mutation?

Answer 5

Mutations alter where, when, or how much an endocrine signal is produced

Question 6

DNA sequences that resemble functional genes but have lost their protein-coding ability or are no longer expressed

Answer 6

Pseudogenes

“Fake genes”

Fossil genes

Question 7

The process of receiving genetic material from an ancestor

Answer 7

Vertical gene transfer

Question 8

Any process in which the genetic material is transferred to another organism without descent

Answer 8

Horizontal gene transfer

Question 9

Humans exhibit _____ gene transfer.

Answer 9

Vertical

Question 10

Bacteria exhibit _____ gene transfer.

Answer 10

Horizontal

(Ex: Use plasmids to go from one individual to another)

Question 11

Mutations that affect cells in the body of an organism.

They affect all daughter cells produced by the affected cell and can affect the phenotype of the individual

*Not heritable*

Answer 11

Somatic mutations

Question 12

In animals, somatic cells are/are not passed down to offspring.

Answer 12

Are NOT

Question 13

Mutations that affect the gametes (eggs, sperm) of an individual and can be transmitted from parent to offspring.

Because they can be passed on, they create the heritable genetic variation that is relevant to evolution

Answer 13

Germ-line Mutations

Question 14

Genetic makeup of an individual.

Specific alleles carried by an individual for any particualr gene

Answer 14

Genotype

Question 15

An observable, measurable characteristic of an organism

Answer 15

Phenotype

Question 16

Simultaneous occurrence of two or more discrete phenotypes within a population

Answer 16

Genetic polymorphism

Question 17

A trait for which multiple, discrete phenotypes can arise from a single genotype depending on environmental circumstances

Answer 17

Polyphenic trait

Question 18

A single base changes from one nucleotide to another

Answer 18

Point mutation (substitution)

Question 19

A segment of DNA is inserted into the middle of an existing sequence. May be as short as a single base or as long as thousands of bases.

Answer 19

Insertion

Question 20

A segment of DNA may be deleted accidentally. Small portion or entire set of genes may be removed

Answer 20

Deletion

Question 21

A segment of DNA is copied a second time. Can happen to entire genes, even entire genomes

Answer 21

Duplication

Question 22

A segment of DNA is flipped around and inserted backward into its original position

Answer 22

Inversion

Question 23

Two chromosomes are joined together as one

Answer 23

Chromosome fusion

Question 24

Chromosomes are duplicated or lost, leading to abnormal levels of ploidy

Answer 24

Aneuploidy

Question 25

_____ mutation can be multiple base pairs at different locations

Answer 25

Point mutation

Question 26

Example of chromosome fusion

Answer 26

Humans have 46 chromosomes. “Monkeys” have 48 chromosomes. What does this tell you?

This has happened recently (last 7 million years). After chimp lineage split from human lineage

Question 27

Mutation that is subtle, minor, slight, almost undetected

Answer 27

Point mutation

Question 28

Example of point mutation

Answer 28

6 fingers, finger fusion, skin pigmentation, enlarged skull

Question 29

Point mutation has no _____, most are eliminated by _____.

Answer 29

No adaptation; by natural selection

Question 30

3 Problems with evolution for the 1st 70 years

Answer 30

1. Darwin knew nothing of mutations
2. Darwin knew nothing about genetics
3. Age of the Earth was not known

Question 31

Germ-line mutations are _____.

Answer 31

Heritable

Question 32

Ring-neck doves had only 3 colors for 800 years. Now, there are all kinds of colors and feather changes. Why?

Answer 32

We think inversions - chromosomes with tightly linked genes for dove color

Genes for dove color now slightly less linked

Question 33

African violets are all sorts of colors, leaf types, etc. - this started occuring in the 1970’s. This is another example of…

Answer 33

Inversion

Question 34

Evolution of complex eye seems to be due to….

Answer 34

Gene duplication

Question 35

Ancestral opsin - red vs. green eventually created

Answer 35

Both green and red

Question 36

Seeing both green and red provides tremendous amount of _____, advantageous.

Might help to determine if a fruit is _____ or not.

Answer 36

Selection; ripe

Question 37

As our vision evolved more and more, we needed _____ less and less.

Answer 37

Our olfactory genes

Question 38

_____% of all our olfactory receptor genes are fossilized

Answer 38

50%

Question 39

Only 5 of 200 _____ are functional in humans, in contrast to rats with 160 of 200.

Answer 39

Olfactory genes

Question 40

If the phenotype no longer provides _____, natural selection no longer eliminates harmful mutation and the gene _____.

Answer 40

An adaptation; fossilizes

Question 41

Natural selection eliminates _____

Answer 41

Harmful mutations

Question 42

What’s an example of a polyphenic trait?

Answer 42

Horns in beetles. Beetles that developed in an environment with ample nutrition attain a larger body size

*sensitive to environment*