Exam II - Chapter 15

Question 1

What is an evolutionary arms race (coevolutionary escalation)? Why is it a race with no end?

Answer 1

it is a race between species to outcompete one another; for example frog gets more toxic then snake gets more toxin resistance and frog gets even more toxic etc

Question 2

Müllerian mimicry

Answer 2

occurs when several harmful or distasteful species resemble each other in appearance, facilitated the learned avoidance of predators

Question 3

Batesian mimicry

Answer 3

occurs when harmless species resemble harmful or distasteful species, deriving protection form predators
(different than aposematic b/c with aposematic you must have another species around to mimic)

Question 4

antagonists

Answer 4

(predator/prey) can generate negative frequency-dependant selection on each other (rabbit learns to run faster - then so does coyote and so on)

Question 5

mutualists

Answer 5

frequency dependent selection is positive; the more common individuals with the new alleles become, the more likely they are to encounter other species and the more likely they are to reap the benefits of the mutualistic interaction.

Question 6

endosymbionts

Answer 6

mutualistic organisms that live within the body or cells of another organism

Question 7

symbionts

Answer 7

two individuals that work mutualistically together

Question 8

reciprocal evolutionary change between interacting species driven by natural selection

Answer 8

coevolution

Question 9

selection that occurs in 2 species due to their interactions with one another; critical prerequisite to coevolution

Answer 9

reciprocal selection

Question 10

Table 15.1 and figure 15.1.1

Answer 10

go look at them in the book haha cuz idk how to make a notecard about them :) pages 478 and 484

Question 11

predator/prey conflict ANTI-predator adaptations

Answer 11

• toxins, armor, large bodies, speed
• warning coloration
• cryptic coloration (camouflage)
• mimicry
• flash coloration
• behavioral modification

Question 12

predator/prey conflict predator adaptations

Answer 12

-mimicry, cryptic coloration, speed, acute senses

Question 13

examples of anti-predator mimicry

Answer 13

screech owl mimics environment - makes itself look like the tree its in, sways with wind, etc

grasshopper looks like dead leaf

Question 14

ex of anti-predator flash coloration

Answer 14

grasshopper with blue belly that flashes when it jumps, lizard with yellow belly (leans head and tail back to show colored underside)

Question 15

hog-nose snake

Answer 15

feigning death - form of mimicry (similar to opossums)

Question 16

batesian mimicry: coevolutionary relationships for model, mimic, and predator

Answer 16

for model: neutral mostly, negative sometimes if too many mimics
for mimic: positive always
for predator: negative

Question 17

some mimic examples

Answer 17

robber flies - look like bees
syrphid flies - yellow jackets
bull snake and burrowing owl - mimics rattlesnake sound
sea horse - mimics coral
viceroy - mimics monarch butterfly

Question 18

mullerian mimicry: coevolutionary relationships for model, mimic, and predator

Answer 18

for model and mimic: positive always

for predator: negative

Question 19

appalachian mountain millipedes are an example of a species that have

Answer 19

mullerian mimicry; species have cyanide in bodies and co exist with species that look a lot alike and also have toxins

Question 20

a trait or integrated suite of traits that increase the fitness of the possessor is called an

Answer 20

adaptation

Question 21

rock dove example

Answer 21

feral pigeon that has white rump - better at getting away from a falcon attack b/c of flash coloration
beak sticks over bottom of beak - less lice

Question 22

parasitic birds vs host birds

Answer 22

evolutionary arms race example - cowbirds lay eggs in other nest and their babies take over - other birds starting to realize this and knock eggs out which in turn is making cowbirds lay eggs that look more like host’s eggs

Question 23

north american cross bills

Answer 23

prefer different types of pinecones - example of evolutions starting to develop into their own species

Question 24

examples of positive/positive mutualism

Answer 24

pollination; seed dispersal; nutrient exchange between mycorrhiza and plants

Question 25

example of positive/neutral commensalism

Answer 25

remora fish attach to larger fish and detach to feed on the prey killed by larger fish

Question 26

example negative/ positive relationship

Answer 26

predator/prey; deceptive pollination; host/parasite

Question 27

an increase in genetic diversity caused by he heterogeneity of coevolutionary processes across the range of ecological partners

Answer 27

diversifying coevolution

Question 28

sharpshooters are an example of

Answer 28

quiz endosymbionts; they have evolved with bacteria that supple the insects with essential nutrients; in return the bacteria have shelter and food
this is also an example of how two species become one - they cannot live without one another

Question 29

quiz most specifically defines when 2 rival males compete

Answer 29

intergenomic

Question 30

quiz more generally defines when two rival males compete

Answer 30

intraspecific

Question 31

quizsharpshooters have a morphological trait known as

Answer 31

bacteriome

Question 32

quiz when species interact antagonistically in a way that results in each species exerting reciprocal directional selection on the other.

Answer 32

coevolution escalation

Question 33

A relationship involving two species in which one species benefits but the other suffers no loss of fitness is known as

Answer 33

positive/neutral commensalism