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Key Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Define accurate.

A

Close to the true value.

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2
Q

What is an acid?

A
  • The chemical opposite of an alkali.
  • Has a pH less than 7 when dissolved in water.
  • Release H+ ions.
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3
Q

What is activation energy?

A

The minimum energy needed to start a reaction.

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4
Q

What is an alkali?

A

Its solution has a pH more than 7.

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5
Q

What is an alkali metal?

A

An element in Group 1 of the periodic table.

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6
Q

Name the alkali metals.

A
  • Lithium
  • Sodium
  • Potassium
  • Rubidium
  • Caesium
  • Francium
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7
Q

What is an alkane?

A
  • Saturated hydrocarbon.

- Formula of CnH2n+2

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8
Q

Name the first five alkanes.

A
  • Methane
  • Ethane
  • Propane
  • Butane
  • Pentane
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9
Q

What is an alkene?

A
  • Unsaturated hydrocarbon
  • Contains a double carbon bond.
  • Formula of CnH2n
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10
Q

Name the first two alkenes.

A
  • Ethene

- Propene

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11
Q

What is an alloy?

A

A mixture of metals.

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12
Q

What does the alloy brass contain?

A
  • Copper

- Zinc

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13
Q

What is aluminium?

A
  • Low density, corrosion resistant metal.
  • Used in many alloys.
  • Used for aircrafts.
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14
Q

What is an anhydrous substance?

A

A substance which doesn’t contain water.

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15
Q

What are anomalous results?

A

-Results that don’t match the pattern.

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16
Q

What should be done with anomalous results?

A

Discarded and retested.

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17
Q

What is an aqueous solution?

A

A mixture made by adding a soluble substance to water.

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18
Q

What is the atmosphere?

A

The thin layer of gases that surround the Earth.

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19
Q

What is an atom?

A

The smallest part of an element that can still be recognised as that element.

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20
Q

What is an atomic number?

A

The number of protons in an atom.

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21
Q

What is a base?

A
  • The oxide, hydroxide or carbonate of a metal that will react with an acid to form a salt.
  • H+ ion acceptors.
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22
Q

What is a biodegradable material?

A

A material that can be broken down by microbes.

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23
Q

What is biodiesel?

A

Fuel made from plant oils.

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24
Q

What is bioleaching?

A

A process of extraction of metals from ores using microbes.

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25
Q

What is a blast furnace?

A

Reaction vessels used in industry to extract iron from its ore.

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26
Q

What is bond energy?

A

The energy needed to break a chemical bond.

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27
Q

What is brine?

A

A solution of sodium chloride in water.

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28
Q

What is a burette?

A

A tool used to precisely add amounts of liquids to a solution.

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29
Q

What is calcium carbonate?

A
  • The main compound in limestone.
  • A white solid.
  • CaCO3
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30
Q

What is calcium hydroxide?

A
  • White solid
  • Made by reacting calcium oxide with water.
  • Used as a cheap alkali in industry.
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31
Q

What is calcium oxide?

A
  • White solid

- Made by heating limestone.

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32
Q

What is carbon monoxide?

A
  • Toxic gas

- CO

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33
Q

What is carbon steel?

A

-Alloy of iron containing controlled amounts of carbon.

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34
Q

What is cast iron?

A

Impure iron taken from a blast furnace.

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35
Q

What is a catalyst?

A
  • A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction.

- Remains chemically unchanged.

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36
Q

What is a catalytic converter?

A

A device fitted to exhaust pipes to reduce the pollutants released.

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37
Q

What is cement?

A
  • Building material.

- Made by heating limestone and clay.

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38
Q

What is chromatography?

A

-Dissolved substances are separated by running a solvent along an absorbent material.`

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39
Q

What is collision theory?

A
  • An explanation of chemical reactions.

- Reacting particles colliding with sufficient energy for a reaction.

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40
Q

What is a compound?

A

-A substance made up of two or more elements chemically bonded.

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41
Q

What is concrete?

A
  • Building material

- Made by mixing cement, sand and aggregate with water.

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42
Q

What is a control group?

A

-Group where the independent variable is unchanged to allow for comparison.

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43
Q

What are convection currents?

A

Circular motion of matter caused by heating in fluids.

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44
Q

What is a copper rich ore?

A

A rock that contains a large proportion of copper.

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45
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

The attraction between two atoms that share one or more pairs of electrons.

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46
Q

What is cracking?

A
  • Reaction used in the oil industry to break down large hydrocarbons.
  • Hydrocarbon vapour is passed over a hot catalyst or mixed with steam at a high temperature.
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47
Q

What is a delocalised electron?

A

Bonding electron that is no longer associated with a particular atom.

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48
Q

What is displacement?

A

When one element takes the place of another in a compound.

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49
Q

What is distillation?

A

Separation of a liquid from a mixture by evaporation followed by condensation.

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50
Q

What is a dot and cross diagram?

A

A drawing to show the arrangement of the outer shell electrons of the atoms or ions.

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51
Q

What is a double bond?

A

A covalent bond made by the sharing of two pairs of electrons.

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52
Q

What is an E number?

A

A number assigned to a food additive that has been approved for use in Europe.

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53
Q

What is electrolysis?

A

The breakdown of a substance containing ions by electricity.

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54
Q

What is an electrolyte?

A

A liquid containing free moving ions that is broken down during electrolysis.

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55
Q

What is an electron?

A
  • A tiny particle with a negative charge.

- Orbit the nucleus in atoms or ions.

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56
Q

What is an electronic structure?

A

A set of numbers to show the arrangement of electrons in their shells.

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57
Q

What is electroplating?

A

The process of depositing a thin layer of metal on an object during electrolysis.

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58
Q

What is an empirical formula?

A

The simplest ratio of elements in a compound.

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59
Q

What is an emulsifier?

A

A substance which helps keep immiscible liquids mixed so they don’t separate.

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60
Q

What is an emulsion?

A

A mixture of liquids that do not dissolve in each other.

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61
Q

What is an endothermic reaction?

A

A reaction that takes in energy from the surroundings.

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62
Q

What is an end point?

A

The point in a titration where the reaction is complete and titration should stop.

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63
Q

What is an equilibrium?

A
  • The point in a reversible reaction in which the forward and backward rates of reaction are the same.
  • The amounts of substances present in the reacting mixture remain constant.
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64
Q

What is ethene?

A

An alkene with formula C2H4.

65
Q

What is an exothermic reaction?

A

A reaction which gives out energy to the surroundings.

66
Q

What is fermentation?

A

The reaction in which the enzymes in yeast turn glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide.

67
Q

Define flammable.

A

Easily ignited and capable of burning rapidly.

68
Q

What is a food additive?

A

A substance added to food in order to preserve it or to improve its taste, texture or appearance.

69
Q

What is a fraction?

A

Hydrocarbons with similar boiling points separated from crude oil.

70
Q

What is fractional distillation?

A

A way to separate liquids from a mixture of liquids by boiling off the substances at different temperatures then condensing and collecting the liquids.

71
Q

What is a fullerene?

A

A form of carbon that can form a cage-like structure based on hexagonal rings of carbon atoms.

72
Q

What is a functional group?

A

An atom or group of atoms that give organic compounds their characteristic reactions.

73
Q

What is gas chromatography?

A

The process of separating the components in a mixture by passing vapours through a column and detecting them as they leave the column at different times.

74
Q

What is a giant covalent structure?

A

A huge 3D network of covalently bonded atoms.

75
Q

What is a giant lattice?

A

A huge 3D network of atoms or ions.

76
Q

What is a half equation?

A

An equation that describes reduction or oxidation.

77
Q

What is hardening?

A
  • The process of reacting plant oils with hydrogen to raise their melting point.
  • Used to make spreadable margarine.
78
Q

What is hard water?

A
  • Water in which it is difficult to form a lather with soap.

- Contains calcium or magnesium ions which react with soap to produce soap.

79
Q

What is high-alloy steel?

A

Expensive alloy of iron mixed with relatively large proportions of other metals.

80
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A group of related organic compounds that have the same functional group.

81
Q

Define hydrated.

A

Describes a substance that contains water in its crystals.

82
Q

What is hydration?

A

A reaction in which water is chemically added to a compound.

83
Q

What is hydrogenated oil?

A

Oil which has had hydrogen added to it to reduce its degree of saturation in the hardening process to make margarine.

84
Q

Define hydrophilic.

A

The water loving part of an emulsifier molecule.

85
Q

Define hydrophobic.

A

The water hating hydrocarbon part of an emulsifier molecule.

86
Q

What is incomplete combustion?

A

When a fuel burns in insufficient oxygen producing carbon monoxide.

87
Q

Define inert.

A

Unreactive

88
Q

What are intermolecular forces?

A

The attraction between individual molecules in a covalently bonded substance.

89
Q

What is an ion?

A

A charged particle produced by the loss or gain of electrons.

90
Q

What is an ion-exchange column?

A

A water softener which works by replacing calcium and magnesium ions with sodium of hydrogen ions removing the hardness.

91
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

The electrostatic force of attraction between positively and negatively charged ions.

92
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Atom that has the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

93
Q

What is limewater?

A

The common name for calcium hydroxide solution.

94
Q

What is a low-alloy steel?

A

Alloy of iron containing small amounts of other metals.

95
Q

What is a macromolecule?

A

Giant covalent structure.

96
Q

What is the mantle?

A

The layer of the Earth between its crust and core.

97
Q

What is the mass number?

A

The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

98
Q

What is a mass spectrometer?

A

A machine that can be used to analyse small amounts of a substance to identify it and find its relative molecular mass.

99
Q

What is a mole?

A

The amount of substance in the relative atomic or formula mass of a substance in grams.

100
Q

What is a molecular formula?

A

The chemical formula that shows the number of atoms in a molecule.

101
Q

What is a molecular ion peak?

A
  • The peak on the mass spectrum of a substance which shows the relative molecular mass of the substance.
  • The peak is produced by the heaviest positive ion shown on the mass spectrum.
102
Q

What are monomers?

A

Small unreactive molecules that react together in repeating sequences to form a large molecule.

103
Q

What is mortar?

A
  • A building material used to bind bricks.

- Made by mixing cement and sand with water.

104
Q

What is nanoscience?

A

The study of very small particles or structures between 1 and 100 nanometres in size.

105
Q

Define neutral.

A
  • A solution with a pH value of 7 which is neither acidic nor an alkaline.
  • Something that carries no overall electrical charge.
106
Q

What is neutralisation?

A

The chemical reaction of an acid with a base in which they cancel each other out, forming a salt and water.

107
Q

What is a neutron?

A
  • A dense particle in the nucleus of an atom.

- Electrically neutral.

108
Q

What is nitrogen oxide?

A

A gaseous pollutant that causes acid rain.

109
Q

What is the nucleus of an atom?

A

The small, dense central part of an atom which contains protons and neutrons.

110
Q

What is an ore?

A

A rock which contains enough metal to make it economically viable to extract.

111
Q

What is oxidation?

A

The reaction when oxygen is added to a substance or when an electron is lost.

112
Q

What is a particulate?

A

Small solid particle given off from vehicles as a result of incomplete combustion.

113
Q

What is percentage yield?

A

The actual mass of the product divided by the maximum mass in theory times 100.

114
Q

What is the periodic table?

A

An arrangement of elements in the order of their atomic numbers forming groups and periods.

115
Q

What is permanent hard water?

A

Hard water whose ions are not removed when boiled.

116
Q

What is the pH scale?

A
  • A number which shows how acidic or alakline a solution is.
  • Alkalis have a value above 7.
  • Acids have a value less than 7.
117
Q

What is phytomining?

A

The process of extraction of metals from ores using plants.

118
Q

What is a pipette?

A

A glass tube used to measure an accurate volume of liquid.

119
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A substance made from large molecules made up of many repeating units.

120
Q

What is polymerisation?

A

The reaction of monomers to make a polymer.

121
Q

What is a precipitate?

A

An insoluble solid formed by a reaction taking place in a solution.

122
Q

What is a product?

A

A substance made as a result of a reaction.

123
Q

What is propene?

A

An alkene with the formula C3H6.

124
Q

What is a proton?

A

A positive particle found inside the nucleus of an atom.

125
Q

What is a reactant?

A

A substance present before a chemical reaction takes place.

126
Q

What is the reactivity series?

A

A list of elements in order of their reactivity.

127
Q

What is reduction?

A

A reaction in which oxygen is lost or an electron is gained.

128
Q

What is relative atomic mass?

A

The average mass of the atoms of an element.

129
Q

What is relative formula mass?

A

The total of the relative atomic masses added up in the ratio shown in the chemical formula.

130
Q

What is retention time?

A

The time it takes a component in a mixture to pass through the column in gas chromatography.

131
Q

What is a reversible reaction?

A

A reaction in which the products can re-form the reactants.

132
Q

What is a salt?

A

A compound formed when the hydrogen in a compound is replaced by a metal.

133
Q

What is a saturated hydrocarbon?

A

A hydrocarbon that contains as many hydrogen atoms as possible in each molecule.

134
Q

What is scale?

A

The insoluble substance formed when temporary hard water is boiled.

135
Q

What is scum?

A

The precipitate formed when soap reacts with calcium or magnesium ions in hard water.

136
Q

What is a shape memory alloy?

A

Mixture of metals which responds to changes in temperature.

137
Q

What is a shell?

A

An area in an atom around the nucleus where the electrons are found.

138
Q

What is a smart polymer?

A

Polymers that change in response to changes in their environment.

139
Q

What is smelting?

A

Heating a metal ore in order to extract its metal.

140
Q

What is a soap less detergent?

A

A cleaning agent that doesn’t produce scum when used with hard water.

141
Q

What is soft water?

A

Water containing no calcium or magnesium salts so easily forms a lather with soap.

142
Q

What is stainless steel?

A

A chromium-nickel alloy of steel which doesn’t rust.

143
Q

What is steel?

A

An alloy of iron with small amounts of carbon or other metals.

144
Q

What is sulfur dioxide?

A

A toxic gas that causes acid rain.

145
Q

What are tectonic plates?

A

The huge slabs of rock that make up the Earth’s crust.

146
Q

What is temporary hard water?

A

Hard water which is softened when it is boiled.

147
Q

What is thermal decomposition?

A

The breakdown of a compound by heat.

148
Q

What is a thermosetting polymer?

A

Polymer that can form extensive cross linking between changes resulting in rigid materials which are heat resistant.

149
Q

What is a thermosoftening polymer?

A

Polymer that forms plastics which can be softened by heat then remoulded into different shapes.

150
Q

What is titanium?

A

A shiny corrosion resistant metal used in alloys.

151
Q

What is titration?

A

A method for measuring the volumes of two solutions that react together.

152
Q

What is a transition metal?

A
  • Element from the centre of the periodic table.

- Typical metallic materials and forms a coloured compound.

153
Q

What is universal indicator?

A

A mixture of indicators which can change through a range of colours depending on the pH of a solution.

154
Q

What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A

A hydrocarbon whose molecules contains at least one double carbon bond.

155
Q

What is an unsaturated oil?

A

Plant oil whose molecules contain at least one double carbon bond.

156
Q

What is viscosity?

A

The resistance of a liquid to flowing or pouring.

157
Q

What is a word equation?

A

A way of describing what happens in a chemical reaction by showing the names of all the reactants and products formed.

158
Q

Since you’ve been using these flashcards for free, please consider making a small donation for the hundreds of hours it took to make them.

A

http://bit.ly/21T6H3W

Thank you and good luck!

GCSE Chemistry (19 decks)

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