Key Terms Flashcards
1
Q
Define accurate.
A
Close to the true value.
2
Q
What is an acid?
A
- The chemical opposite of an alkali.
- Has a pH less than 7 when dissolved in water.
- Release H+ ions.
3
Q
What is activation energy?
A
The minimum energy needed to start a reaction.
4
Q
What is an alkali?
A
Its solution has a pH more than 7.
5
Q
What is an alkali metal?
A
An element in Group 1 of the periodic table.
6
Q
Name the alkali metals.
A
- Lithium
- Sodium
- Potassium
- Rubidium
- Caesium
- Francium
7
Q
What is an alkane?
A
- Saturated hydrocarbon.
- Formula of CnH2n+2
8
Q
Name the first five alkanes.
A
- Methane
- Ethane
- Propane
- Butane
- Pentane
9
Q
What is an alkene?
A
- Unsaturated hydrocarbon
- Contains a double carbon bond.
- Formula of CnH2n
10
Q
Name the first two alkenes.
A
- Ethene
- Propene
11
Q
What is an alloy?
A
A mixture of metals.
12
Q
What does the alloy brass contain?
A
- Copper
- Zinc
13
Q
What is aluminium?
A
- Low density, corrosion resistant metal.
- Used in many alloys.
- Used for aircrafts.
14
Q
What is an anhydrous substance?
A
A substance which doesn’t contain water.
15
Q
What are anomalous results?
A
-Results that don’t match the pattern.
16
Q
What should be done with anomalous results?
A
Discarded and retested.
17
Q
What is an aqueous solution?
A
A mixture made by adding a soluble substance to water.
18
Q
What is the atmosphere?
A
The thin layer of gases that surround the Earth.
19
Q
What is an atom?
A
The smallest part of an element that can still be recognised as that element.
20
Q
What is an atomic number?
A
The number of protons in an atom.
21
Q
What is a base?
A
- The oxide, hydroxide or carbonate of a metal that will react with an acid to form a salt.
- H+ ion acceptors.
22
Q
What is a biodegradable material?
A
A material that can be broken down by microbes.
23
Q
What is biodiesel?
A
Fuel made from plant oils.
24
Q
What is bioleaching?
A
A process of extraction of metals from ores using microbes.
25
What is a blast furnace?
Reaction vessels used in industry to extract iron from its ore.
26
What is bond energy?
The energy needed to break a chemical bond.
27
What is brine?
A solution of sodium chloride in water.
28
What is a burette?
A tool used to precisely add amounts of liquids to a solution.
29
What is calcium carbonate?
- The main compound in limestone.
- A white solid.
- CaCO3
30
What is calcium hydroxide?
- White solid
- Made by reacting calcium oxide with water.
- Used as a cheap alkali in industry.
31
What is calcium oxide?
- White solid
| - Made by heating limestone.
32
What is carbon monoxide?
- Toxic gas
| - CO
33
What is carbon steel?
-Alloy of iron containing controlled amounts of carbon.
34
What is cast iron?
Impure iron taken from a blast furnace.
35
What is a catalyst?
- A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction.
| - Remains chemically unchanged.
36
What is a catalytic converter?
A device fitted to exhaust pipes to reduce the pollutants released.
37
What is cement?
- Building material.
| - Made by heating limestone and clay.
38
What is chromatography?
-Dissolved substances are separated by running a solvent along an absorbent material.`
39
What is collision theory?
- An explanation of chemical reactions.
| - Reacting particles colliding with sufficient energy for a reaction.
40
What is a compound?
-A substance made up of two or more elements chemically bonded.
41
What is concrete?
- Building material
| - Made by mixing cement, sand and aggregate with water.
42
What is a control group?
-Group where the independent variable is unchanged to allow for comparison.
43
What are convection currents?
Circular motion of matter caused by heating in fluids.
44
What is a copper rich ore?
A rock that contains a large proportion of copper.
45
What is a covalent bond?
The attraction between two atoms that share one or more pairs of electrons.
46
What is cracking?
- Reaction used in the oil industry to break down large hydrocarbons.
- Hydrocarbon vapour is passed over a hot catalyst or mixed with steam at a high temperature.
47
What is a delocalised electron?
Bonding electron that is no longer associated with a particular atom.
48
What is displacement?
When one element takes the place of another in a compound.
49
What is distillation?
Separation of a liquid from a mixture by evaporation followed by condensation.
50
What is a dot and cross diagram?
A drawing to show the arrangement of the outer shell electrons of the atoms or ions.
51
What is a double bond?
A covalent bond made by the sharing of two pairs of electrons.
52
What is an E number?
A number assigned to a food additive that has been approved for use in Europe.
53
What is electrolysis?
The breakdown of a substance containing ions by electricity.
54
What is an electrolyte?
A liquid containing free moving ions that is broken down during electrolysis.
55
What is an electron?
- A tiny particle with a negative charge.
| - Orbit the nucleus in atoms or ions.
56
What is an electronic structure?
A set of numbers to show the arrangement of electrons in their shells.
57
What is electroplating?
The process of depositing a thin layer of metal on an object during electrolysis.
58
What is an empirical formula?
The simplest ratio of elements in a compound.
59
What is an emulsifier?
A substance which helps keep immiscible liquids mixed so they don't separate.
60
What is an emulsion?
A mixture of liquids that do not dissolve in each other.
61
What is an endothermic reaction?
A reaction that takes in energy from the surroundings.
62
What is an end point?
The point in a titration where the reaction is complete and titration should stop.
63
What is an equilibrium?
- The point in a reversible reaction in which the forward and backward rates of reaction are the same.
- The amounts of substances present in the reacting mixture remain constant.
64
What is ethene?
An alkene with formula C2H4.
65
What is an exothermic reaction?
A reaction which gives out energy to the surroundings.
66
What is fermentation?
The reaction in which the enzymes in yeast turn glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide.
67
Define flammable.
Easily ignited and capable of burning rapidly.
68
What is a food additive?
A substance added to food in order to preserve it or to improve its taste, texture or appearance.
69
What is a fraction?
Hydrocarbons with similar boiling points separated from crude oil.
70
What is fractional distillation?
A way to separate liquids from a mixture of liquids by boiling off the substances at different temperatures then condensing and collecting the liquids.
71
What is a fullerene?
A form of carbon that can form a cage-like structure based on hexagonal rings of carbon atoms.
72
What is a functional group?
An atom or group of atoms that give organic compounds their characteristic reactions.
73
What is gas chromatography?
The process of separating the components in a mixture by passing vapours through a column and detecting them as they leave the column at different times.
74
What is a giant covalent structure?
A huge 3D network of covalently bonded atoms.
75
What is a giant lattice?
A huge 3D network of atoms or ions.
76
What is a half equation?
An equation that describes reduction or oxidation.
77
What is hardening?
- The process of reacting plant oils with hydrogen to raise their melting point.
- Used to make spreadable margarine.
78
What is hard water?
- Water in which it is difficult to form a lather with soap.
| - Contains calcium or magnesium ions which react with soap to produce soap.
79
What is high-alloy steel?
Expensive alloy of iron mixed with relatively large proportions of other metals.
80
What is a homologous series?
A group of related organic compounds that have the same functional group.
81
Define hydrated.
Describes a substance that contains water in its crystals.
82
What is hydration?
A reaction in which water is chemically added to a compound.
83
What is hydrogenated oil?
Oil which has had hydrogen added to it to reduce its degree of saturation in the hardening process to make margarine.
84
Define hydrophilic.
The water loving part of an emulsifier molecule.
85
Define hydrophobic.
The water hating hydrocarbon part of an emulsifier molecule.
86
What is incomplete combustion?
When a fuel burns in insufficient oxygen producing carbon monoxide.
87
Define inert.
Unreactive
88
What are intermolecular forces?
The attraction between individual molecules in a covalently bonded substance.
89
What is an ion?
A charged particle produced by the loss or gain of electrons.
90
What is an ion-exchange column?
A water softener which works by replacing calcium and magnesium ions with sodium of hydrogen ions removing the hardness.
91
What is an ionic bond?
The electrostatic force of attraction between positively and negatively charged ions.
92
What is an isotope?
Atom that has the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.
93
What is limewater?
The common name for calcium hydroxide solution.
94
What is a low-alloy steel?
Alloy of iron containing small amounts of other metals.
95
What is a macromolecule?
Giant covalent structure.
96
What is the mantle?
The layer of the Earth between its crust and core.
97
What is the mass number?
The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
98
What is a mass spectrometer?
A machine that can be used to analyse small amounts of a substance to identify it and find its relative molecular mass.
99
What is a mole?
The amount of substance in the relative atomic or formula mass of a substance in grams.
100
What is a molecular formula?
The chemical formula that shows the number of atoms in a molecule.
101
What is a molecular ion peak?
- The peak on the mass spectrum of a substance which shows the relative molecular mass of the substance.
- The peak is produced by the heaviest positive ion shown on the mass spectrum.
102
What are monomers?
Small unreactive molecules that react together in repeating sequences to form a large molecule.
103
What is mortar?
- A building material used to bind bricks.
| - Made by mixing cement and sand with water.
104
What is nanoscience?
The study of very small particles or structures between 1 and 100 nanometres in size.
105
Define neutral.
- A solution with a pH value of 7 which is neither acidic nor an alkaline.
- Something that carries no overall electrical charge.
106
What is neutralisation?
The chemical reaction of an acid with a base in which they cancel each other out, forming a salt and water.
107
What is a neutron?
- A dense particle in the nucleus of an atom.
| - Electrically neutral.
108
What is nitrogen oxide?
A gaseous pollutant that causes acid rain.
109
What is the nucleus of an atom?
The small, dense central part of an atom which contains protons and neutrons.
110
What is an ore?
A rock which contains enough metal to make it economically viable to extract.
111
What is oxidation?
The reaction when oxygen is added to a substance or when an electron is lost.
112
What is a particulate?
Small solid particle given off from vehicles as a result of incomplete combustion.
113
What is percentage yield?
The actual mass of the product divided by the maximum mass in theory times 100.
114
What is the periodic table?
An arrangement of elements in the order of their atomic numbers forming groups and periods.
115
What is permanent hard water?
Hard water whose ions are not removed when boiled.
116
What is the pH scale?
- A number which shows how acidic or alakline a solution is.
- Alkalis have a value above 7.
- Acids have a value less than 7.
117
What is phytomining?
The process of extraction of metals from ores using plants.
118
What is a pipette?
A glass tube used to measure an accurate volume of liquid.
119
What is a polymer?
A substance made from large molecules made up of many repeating units.
120
What is polymerisation?
The reaction of monomers to make a polymer.
121
What is a precipitate?
An insoluble solid formed by a reaction taking place in a solution.
122
What is a product?
A substance made as a result of a reaction.
123
What is propene?
An alkene with the formula C3H6.
124
What is a proton?
A positive particle found inside the nucleus of an atom.
125
What is a reactant?
A substance present before a chemical reaction takes place.
126
What is the reactivity series?
A list of elements in order of their reactivity.
127
What is reduction?
A reaction in which oxygen is lost or an electron is gained.
128
What is relative atomic mass?
The average mass of the atoms of an element.
129
What is relative formula mass?
The total of the relative atomic masses added up in the ratio shown in the chemical formula.
130
What is retention time?
The time it takes a component in a mixture to pass through the column in gas chromatography.
131
What is a reversible reaction?
A reaction in which the products can re-form the reactants.
132
What is a salt?
A compound formed when the hydrogen in a compound is replaced by a metal.
133
What is a saturated hydrocarbon?
A hydrocarbon that contains as many hydrogen atoms as possible in each molecule.
134
What is scale?
The insoluble substance formed when temporary hard water is boiled.
135
What is scum?
The precipitate formed when soap reacts with calcium or magnesium ions in hard water.
136
What is a shape memory alloy?
Mixture of metals which responds to changes in temperature.
137
What is a shell?
An area in an atom around the nucleus where the electrons are found.
138
What is a smart polymer?
Polymers that change in response to changes in their environment.
139
What is smelting?
Heating a metal ore in order to extract its metal.
140
What is a soap less detergent?
A cleaning agent that doesn't produce scum when used with hard water.
141
What is soft water?
Water containing no calcium or magnesium salts so easily forms a lather with soap.
142
What is stainless steel?
A chromium-nickel alloy of steel which doesn't rust.
143
What is steel?
An alloy of iron with small amounts of carbon or other metals.
144
What is sulfur dioxide?
A toxic gas that causes acid rain.
145
What are tectonic plates?
The huge slabs of rock that make up the Earth's crust.
146
What is temporary hard water?
Hard water which is softened when it is boiled.
147
What is thermal decomposition?
The breakdown of a compound by heat.
148
What is a thermosetting polymer?
Polymer that can form extensive cross linking between changes resulting in rigid materials which are heat resistant.
149
What is a thermosoftening polymer?
Polymer that forms plastics which can be softened by heat then remoulded into different shapes.
150
What is titanium?
A shiny corrosion resistant metal used in alloys.
151
What is titration?
A method for measuring the volumes of two solutions that react together.
152
What is a transition metal?
- Element from the centre of the periodic table.
| - Typical metallic materials and forms a coloured compound.
153
What is universal indicator?
A mixture of indicators which can change through a range of colours depending on the pH of a solution.
154
What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?
A hydrocarbon whose molecules contains at least one double carbon bond.
155
What is an unsaturated oil?
Plant oil whose molecules contain at least one double carbon bond.
156
What is viscosity?
The resistance of a liquid to flowing or pouring.
157
What is a word equation?
A way of describing what happens in a chemical reaction by showing the names of all the reactants and products formed.
158
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