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VMS2009 General Pathology and Concepts of Infectious Disease > Key Terminology & Definitions - Parasites > Flashcards

Key Terminology & Definitions - Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

Parasite

A

An organism that lives on or in another living organism (host), obtaining from it part or all its nutrition or needs of existence and imposing some degree of damage on host

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2
Q

Endoparasites

A

Parasites that live inside of host e.g. protozoa, helminths (worms)

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3
Q

Ectoparasites

A

Live on the host

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4
Q

Protozoan parasites

A

(Endoparasite) - Singe-celled, microscopic and motile, two taxonomic groups: excavata and alveolata
Obligate parasites

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5
Q

Excavata e.g.

A

Trypanosoma spp., leishmania spp., giardia spp., trichomonas spp.

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6
Q

Alveolata e.g.

A

Apicomplexa, babesia canis

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7
Q

Apicomplexa

A

Complete apical complex, obligate parasites, includes haematozoa (bloodborne) e.g. Plasmodium, leucytozoon, Babesia, Theileria, and coccidia e.g. Eimera, Toxoplasma

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8
Q

Helminth

A

Worm (endoparasite)

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9
Q

Trematode

A

Fluke (flat)

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10
Q

Cestode

A

Tapeworm (flat), segmented

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11
Q

Nematode

A

Roundworm

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12
Q

Direct lifecycle

A

One host e.g. Sarcoptes scabiei, ascaris (tick)

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13
Q

Indirect lifecycle

A

Two or more hosts, leishmania, echinococcus granulosus

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14
Q

Definitive host

A

Host in which the adult reaches maturity (& reproduces sexually)

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15
Q

Intermediate host

A

Host harbouring developing stages

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16
Q

Pathogenesis

A

The biological mechanism(s) leading to a diseased state; parasite pathogenesis = how a parasite infection causes disease

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17
Q

Dioecious

A

There are males and females e.g. nematodes

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18
Q

Miracidium

A

Life stage in which trematode infects snails

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19
Q

Cercariae

A

Life stage in which trematode is shed by snails

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20
Q

Metacercariae

A

Life stage that encysts on plants (trematode)

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21
Q

Diagenetic

A

Two or more generations in different hosts to complete the life cycle (trematodes)

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22
Q

Proglottid

A

Segment of cestode - become more mature as go down tapeworm

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23
Q

Parasite burden

A

Density of parasite

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24
Q

Commensal

A

Less damaging to completely benign relationship between two species (work together)

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25
Q

Symbiotic

A

Both species rely on each other for survival

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26
Q

Micropredator

A

Species that prey on tissues rather than whole organism

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27
Q

Arthropod

A

Mobile animals with jointed legs or limbs, poikilothermic, three main classes - acari, insects, crustacea

28
Q

Poikilothermic

A

Cold-blooded

29
Q

Acari

A

Mites and ticks

30
Q

Insects

A

Lice, fleas, flies

31
Q

Obligate

A

Completely parasitic, on host all times

32
Q

Facultative

A

Can be free-living or parasitic e.g. Blowflies (‘fly strike’) usually feed on decaying meat but can infect live hosts by mistake (think host is decaying matter)

33
Q

Permanent

A

Spends the entire life cycle on host e.g. lice, passive spread by host-to-host contact; treat host

34
Q

Semi-permanent

A

Spends part of life cycle off of host (e.g. fleas), actively seeks host, treat host and/environment, stages off host are more prone to environmental stress

35
Q

Clinical host

A

Supports survival and development of an ectoparasite with the presentation of associated adverse effects

36
Q

Reservoir host

A

Supports survival and development of an ectoparasite without experiencing apparent adverse effects (don’t see clinical signs, just harbours host)

37
Q

Transport host

A

Host provides environment to increase ectoparasite survivability off the clinical or reservoir host without development or adverse effects e.g. sheepdogs for sheep scab mites

38
Q

Spiracles

A

Stigmata (opening)

39
Q

Peritreme

A

Open canal/groove

40
Q

Astigmata

A

Free-living frugivorous mites (skin and respiratory allergies), ecto or endoparasites, often found in stale animal feed (mites and ticks)
Stigmata, peritreme and tracheal system absent, breathe through cuticle (high moisture environment)
E.g. Otodectes, chrioptes, psoroptes

41
Q

Prostigmata

A

Free-living and parasitic species (mites and ticks)
Stigmata located on gnathosoma (mouthparts), peritreme typically ‘M’-shaped
E.g. Cheyletiella, demodex, psorobia

42
Q

Oribatidae

A

Free-living soil dwellers (‘beetle mites’) - have a shell, intermediate hosts of mammalian tapeworms (mites and ticks)
Stigmata hidden from view

43
Q

Mesostigmata

A

Free-living predators, ectoparasites, often fast-moving (e.g. poultry red mites) (mites and ticks)
One pair of stigmata located laterally in region of coxae II and III, peritremes run laterally down side of mite, absorb H2O from environment, can live in dry environments

44
Q

Ixodida (metastigmata)

A

Ticks, highly specialised blood-feeders

Stigmata situated on ventrolateral surfaces, posterior to coxae IV on a spiracular (astigmatic) plate

45
Q

Mange

A

Skin disease caused by mites

46
Q

Semi-permanent tick

A

Not always on host - vectors of disease, anaemia, paralysis

47
Q

One host ticks

A

Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) spp.

48
Q

Multi-host ticks

A

Ixodes spp. - infected from bloodmeal + whatever pathogen it’s vectoring remains in tick after it moults/in next stage

49
Q

Vector ticks

A

Trans-stadial, trans-ovarial - when adult female becomes infected by feeding + pathogen affects progeny when eggs produced

50
Q

Argasid ticks

A

Legs don’t usually extend past the confines of the body (soft tick)

51
Q

Ixodes ticks

A

Head and legs are easily seen (head sticks out) (hard tick)

52
Q

Scutum

A

Hardshell of ticks

53
Q

Pthiraptera

A

Lice - permanent parasites (spend whole life cycle on host)

54
Q

Pediculosis

A

Disease caused by lice

55
Q

Bloodsucking lice

A

Vectors of disease (not via feeding - pathogen is passed in faeces and rubbed into wounds inflicted by scratching), transmit typhus in humans, rickettsia in animals, sensitive to systemic insecticides
Narrow head than body, thorax is ‘A’ shaped

56
Q

Chewing lice

A

Not prone to systemic insecticide

Broader head compared to body

57
Q

Siphonaptera

A

Fleas - semi-permanent, blood-sucking, vectors of disease e.g. myxomatosis in rabbits, cannot jump repeatedly in rapid succession (must restore energy in between)

58
Q

Complete metamorphosis

A

Adult and larva look completely different

59
Q

Nidicolous

A

Associated with nest-dwelling animals

60
Q

Flies

A

Semi-permanent parasites, blood-sucking, secretophagous (especially eyes and nose) and or myiaisis

61
Q

Myiaisis

A

Infestation of living tissue by larvae (maggots of true flies (Diptera)

62
Q

Obligate flies

A

Larvae must infest living tissue e.g. warble flies (Hypoderma spp.), horse bots (Gasterophilus spp.), sheep nasal bots (Oestrus ovis)

63
Q

Facultative flies

A

Usually only infect dead tissue but can cause bystander live tissue damage (gets confused) e.g. Sheep blowfly strike (Lucilia spp. - green bottle)

64
Q

Accidental flies

A

Usually not a parasite of living tissue e.g. hoverfly and crane fly larvae

65
Q

Crustacea

A

Fish ‘lice’ e.g. Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus elongatus

VMS2009 General Pathology and Concepts of Infectious Disease (14 decks)

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