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VMS2009 General Pathology and Concepts of Infectious Disease > Cytology - Inflammation and Haemorrhage > Flashcards

Cytology - Inflammation and Haemorrhage Flashcards

1
Q

Information given needed for inflammation. (8)

A
  • Relevant history? (e.g. prior vaccination/injection, tissue injury, foreign body, etc.)
  • Is there only one type of inflammatory cell present, or is the inflammation mixed? Chronicity? Concurrent haemorrhage? (Concurrent = existing)
  • Are there any tissue-derived cells present, and what is their appearance?
  • Any infectious organisms? Are they relevant to the inflammation, or contaminants/normal flora?
  • Is there indication for special stains (e.g. acid-fast stain for mycobacterial organisms?)
  • Evidence of foreign body material / non-biological material presence?
  • Is there concurrent necrosis?
  • Can we rule out underlying neoplasia?
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2
Q

What is neutrophilic inflammation?

A

•When >85% of nucleated cells are neutrophils.

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3
Q

Causes of neutrophilic inflammation. (3)

A
  • Bacterial infection.
  • Trauma.
  • Tissue necrosis.
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4
Q

What do non-degenerate (normal) neutrophils look like in the blood?

A
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5
Q

What do degenerate neutrophils look like? (4)

A
  • Changes in cytoplasm - releasing of chemicals to destroy organisms.
  • Cell mem not as visible.
  • Nuclei more swollen and pale compared to non-degenerate cell.
  • Large proportion = compatible with infectious process, not always true though.
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6
Q

If inflammation occurs without an infectious organism, what is it likely due to?

A

•Trauma to the joint.

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7
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8
Q
A

Pyknosis/karyorrhexis of neutrophils - fragmented nucleus of neutrophils; neutrophils undergoing apoptosis (neutrophilic inflammation) - irreversible condensation of nucleus (dense nucleus)

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9
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11
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12
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13
Q

What is macrophagic inflammation?

A

•When macrophages are predominating.

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14
Q

Causes of macrophage inflammation. (3)

A
  • Foreign body reaction.
  • Mycobacterial infection.
  • Fungal infection.
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15
Q

Multinucleated/giant macrophages =

A

•Chronic inflammation.

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16
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17
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18
Q

What is Ziehl-Neelsen used to stain?

A

•Mycobacteria - will stain red (have outer cell mem + are thicker).

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21
Q

What is eosinophilic inflammation?

A

•When >10% of total nucleated cells are eosinophils (have granules) (among other inflammatory cells).

22
Q

Causes of eosinophilic inflammation. (4)

A
  • Hypersensitivity/allergic reactions.
  • Parasitic infections.
  • (Feline asthma, eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy in dogs).
  • Paraneoplastic eosinophilic inflammation (T-cell lymphoma, mast cell tumour).
23
Q
A

•Canine eosinophil.

24
Q
A

•Feline eosinophil.

25
Q
A

•Equine eosinophil.

26
Q
A

•Bovine eosinophil.

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29
Q

What is lymphocytic/plasmacytic inflammation?

A

•When lymphocytes are predominating accompanied by variable numbers of plasma cells.

30
Q

Causes of lymphocytic/plasmacytic inflammation. (2)

A
  • Injection site reactions.
  • Other forms of antigenic stimulation.
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34
Q

What is mixed inflammation? (2)

A
  • When a mixture of inflammatory cells is present.
  • One cell type may be predominating (e.g. mixed, predominantly neutrophilic inflammation).
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38
Q

Haemorrhage =

A

•Blood loss/bleeding.

39
Q

What must happen during blood sampling? (2)

A
  • Haemorrhage must be differentiated from blood contamination - clinician knows if there was iatrogenic (caused by medical examination/treatment) haemorrhage during sampling.
  • True haemorrhage platelets may not be visible as they disintegrate quickly (platelets usually seen in iatrogenic haemorrhage where platelets are preserved).
40
Q

What happens to platelets in haemorrhage? (4)

A
  • Macrophages appear and start phagocytosing erythrocytes (erythrophagocytosis).
  • Haemoglobin breakdown products form within macrophages over time:
  • 1). Haemosiderin (dark blue/black).
  • 2). Haematoidin (golden rhomboid crystals).
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VMS2009 General Pathology and Concepts of Infectious Disease (14 decks)

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