Key Individuals: The Terror 1792-1795 Flashcards
1
Q
Bertrand Barère
A
- A bourgeois lawyer
- Elected to the Estates General and joined the Jacobin club
- Helped found the first CPS in April 1793 and was elected as its secetary
- Supported stringent policies against the suspected royalists and became a feared revolutionary.
- Popularity was diminished after Robespierres execution in July 1794
- Arrest was ordered in 1795 but was pardoned by Napoleon and he continued to work in politics.
2
Q
Paul Barras
A
- Nobleman who welcomed the revolution and joined the Jacobin club
- Sat in the Legislative Assembly and National Convention
- Helped recapture Toulon
- Remained in ‘the Plain’ during the Terror but served as a représentant-en-mission
- Helped organised the overthrow of Robespierre
- 1794-1795 held high level position in the Convention and CPS
3
Q
Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne
A
- Lawyer who joined the Jacobin Club and insurrectionary Commune
- Became a deputy to the National Convention
- Strong radical views and took a lead against the moderate Girondin faction
- Formed close ties with the Parisian sans-culottes and Hébertists
- Member of the CPS in 1793
- Clashed with Robespierre and engineered his fall
- Deported to French Guiana in the Thermidorian reaction
4
Q
Napoleon Bonaparte
A
- A military general
5
Q
Jacques-Pierre Brissot
A
- Lost influence after Louis’ trial and execution
- June 1793: He fled when his arrest was decreed
- October 1793: Captured and executed
6
Q
Lazare Carnot
A
- A scientists and military engineer
- Elected to the Legislative Assembly and National Convention
- Joined the Montagnards
- Prominent member of the CPS where he organised army supplies
- Nicknamed the Organiser of the Victory
7
Q
Jean-Baptiste Carrier
A
- National Convention Deputy who helped set up the Revolutionary Tribunal in March 1793
- August 1793: Sent as a représentant-en-mission to Brittany
- October 1793: moved to Nantes and ordered many prisoners to be killed
- November 1793- January 1794 he carried out the noyades.
- Robespierre had recalled Carrier but Carrier supported Robespierre’s downfall
- Convicted of mass murder and was guillotined in the Thermidorian reaction
8
Q
Pierre-Gaspard (Anaxagoras) Chaumette
A
- Former medical student who became leader of the Paris Commune from December 1792
- Supported social reforms too help the poor
- Favoured dechristianisation and promoted the cult of the goddess Reason
- Ordered the closure of the Parisian churches
- Robespierre feared him as a potential sans culotte leader
- March 1794: Executed alongside the Hébertists
9
Q
Marquis de Condorcet
A
- Imprisoned in 1794 and dies mysteriously
10
Q
Charlotte Corday
A
11
Q
Georges-Auguste Couthon
A
- Lawyer and close friend of Robespierre
- Member of the Legislative Assembly, National Convention and CPS
- Introduced the Law of 22 Prairial in June 1794 which helped increase the Terror
- Executed with Robespierre on the 28th July 1794
12
Q
Georges-Jacques Danton
A
- Tried to mediate between the Girondin and Jacobin factions
- First President of the CPS in 1793
- His growing opposition to the Terror led to his trial and execution in 1794
13
Q
Camille Desmouilins
A
- Voted for the King’s execution
- Opposed the extremes of the Terror
- Guillotined in April 1794
14
Q
Joseph Fouché
A
- Served in every government from 1792 to 1815
- National Convention deputy
- Représentant-en-mission taking responsibility for the mitraillades (mass shooting) in Lyons 1793
- Helped secure Robespierre’s fall in July 1794
15
Q
Antoine-Quentin Fouquier-Tinville
A
- March 1793: Made public prosecutor when the Revolutionary Tribunal was created
- Soon known for his diligence and ruthlessness
- Prosecuted over 2,400 counter-revolutionaries including Marie Antoinette, Desmoulins, the Girondins and Hébertists
- 1795: Guillotined after the Terror
16
Q
Frederick-William III
A
-
17
Q
Stanislas Fréron
A
- Radical journalist
- Elected to the National Convention
- Served with Barras as a représentant-en-mission to Provence, Marseilles and Toulon from 1793-1794 and became infamous for ruthless action to enforce the Terror
18
Q
Jacques-René Hébert
A
- Helped plan insurrections
- Participated in turning Notre Dame Cathedral into the ‘Temple of Reason’
- His height of his influence was during the first months of the Terror
- CPS came to regard him and his followers (Hébertists) as dangerous
- Arrested and executed in 1794
19
Q
Jean-Marie Collot d’Herbois
A
- Proffessional actor who joined the Jacobin club and insurrectionary Commune
- Deputy to the National Convention where he supported the extreme radical views of Hébert.
- Appointed to the CPS and was sent with Fouché to pacify Lyons
- He supported dechristianisation and helped engineer Robespierre’s downfall
- Deported to Guiana in the Thermidorian reaction
20
Q
General Lazare Hoche
A
- Led the invasion of the Austrian Netherlands (1792-1793)
- October 1793: Appointed commander of the Army of the Moselle and seized Alsace after defeating the Austro-Prussian army
- Denounced to the CPS by Pichegru (rival) and was imprisoned until 1794
- Suppressed uprisings in the Vendée (1794-1796)
21
Q
General Houchard
A
22
Q
Jean-Baptist Jourdan
A
- Won his greatest victory at Fleurus in June 1793 commanding the Army of the Moselle
- Less successful in his campaigns east of the Rhine (1795-1796)
- Elected to the Council of Five Hundred in 1797
- Appointed marshal by Napolen in 1804
- Dismissed in June 1813 after his failure at the Battle of Victoria
- Supported Louis XVIII in 1814
- Took over the Army of the Rhine
- 1816: Became a Count
23
Q
Lafayette
A
- 1792: Became a wartime general
- August 1792: Defected
24
Q
Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas
A
- 1792: Deputy in the National Convention and joined the Montagnards
- Acted as a représentant-en-mission to the Army of the North in 1793 and Rhine in 1793
- Joined the CPS and was loyal to Robespierre, Couthon & Saint-Just
- Committed suicide
25
Q
Leopold II
A
- Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1790 to 1792
- Younger brother of Marie Antoinette
26
Q
Louis XVI (Louis Capet)
A
- The new Republican government gave Louis XVI the surname Capet afgter the founder of the French Capetian dynasty
- Informally nicknames ‘Louis le Dernier’ translating to Louis the last
27
Q
Jean-Paul Marat
A
- Favoured the establishment of a temporary dictatorship to deal with the emergency of war.
- Popular with the Sans- culottes and survived an attack by Girodins in April 1793
- Assassinated in 1793 by a young conservative Girodin.
28
Q
Marie Antoinette
A
- Spent a difficult 9 months as a prisoner in the Temple following LXVI’s
- Executed on 16th October 1793
29
Q
Thomas Paine
A
- Lived in France in the 1790s
- 1791: Wrote the Rights of Man in defense of the French Revolution
- 1792: Elected to the French National Convention and supported the Girondins
- Briefly imprisoned in 1793 but released in 1794
- Returned to the USA in 1802
30
Q
Louis, duc d’Orléans (Phillipe Egalité)
A
- Voted for LXVIs death in 1793
- Changed his name to Philippe Egalité
- Arrested and guillotined in 1793 after his son defected to the Austrians
31
Q
Louis-Phillipe
A
- Son of duc d’Orléans
- Defected to the Austrians in 1793
32
Q
Maximilien-François de Robespierre
A
- Opposed the declaration of war in April 1792
- Joined the Committee of Public Safety in July 1793
- 27th July 1794 he was arrested
- 28th July 1794 guillotined
33
Q
Jean-Charles Pichegru
A
- Led the Army of the Rhine 1793
- Commanded the Army of the North 1794 and successfully invaded the Austrian Netherlands with Jourdan.
34
Q
Jean-Marie Roland
A
- Economist who associated with the Girondins
- Minister of the Interior twice
- Resigned his post in order to serve as a Deputy in the National Convention
- June 1793: Fled to the provinces to escape arrest
- November 1793: Committed suicide after hearing of his wife’s execution
35
Q
Jacques Roux
A
- Led the Enragés, a radical revolutionary group
- Priest in a poor Paris quarter, shocked by starvation
- Believed the Revolution failed to help the sans-culottes
- Supported by wage-earners, laborers, and the unemployed
- Denounced the Convention for ignoring poverty
- Demanded execution of hoarders & purge of ex-nobles from the army
- Key figure in the journée of 5 September 1793 for food control
- February 1794: Took his own life after months in prison
36
Q
Saint-Just
A
- Trained lawyer but became a lieutenant-general in his local National Guard
- Elected to the National Convention at 25 and joined the Montagnard
- Close associate of Robespierre on the CPS
- Described as the ‘angel of the Terror’
- Arrested on the 27th July (9th Thermidor) with Robespierre and was guillotined on the 28th July
37
Q
Abbé Sièyes
A
- Withdrew from politics during the Terror
