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Biology > Key Concepts in Biology > Flashcards

Key Concepts in Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What units are used for very small sizes? And how are they converted into metres?

A

millimetres (mm)- /1000
micrometres- / 1 000 000
nanometres (nm)- 1 000 000 000
picometres (pm)- 1 000 000 000 000

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2
Q

what is found in an animal cell and what are the functions of each thing?

A

cell membrane- controls what enters and leaves
cytoplasm- watery jelly, most of the cells activities occur
mitochondria- respiration
nucleus- contains chromosomes, DNA, controls the cell
red blood cells
ribosomes- make protein

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3
Q

what is a eukaryotic cell?

A

a cell which has a nucleus i.e plant and animal cells

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4
Q

what is found in a plant cell and what are the functions of each thing?

A

cell wall- supports and protects the cell
cell membrane- controls what enters and leaves the cell
nucleus- controls the cell
cytoplasm- where most of the cells activity occurs
chloroplasts- contain chlorophyll traps energy from the sun and used for photosynthesis
vacuole- store cell sap, helps keep the cell ridged

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5
Q

core practical- how would you investigate biological specimens using microscopes including magnification calculations?

A
  1. make sure you know how to used a microscope
  2. decide which cells to observe and how to collect them.
  3. collect a small sample of cells
  4. add a drop of water or stain to the microscope slide and record the name of that
  5. place the specimen on the water or stain
  6. slowly cover the specimen with a coverslip. the coverslip holds it in place and stops it drying out.
  7. examine the specimen under the microscope and recount results from different magnifications
  8. draw what you see
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6
Q

what are specialised cells?

A

specialised cells have a specific function or job

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7
Q

what are the specialised cells used for digestion and how are they adapted?

A

small intestine cells- they have fold called microvilli increasing the surface area so food can be absorbed faster.

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8
Q

how is the egg cell specialised?

A
  • cytoplasm is packed with nutrients
  • haploid nucleus (only has 23 chromosomes)
  • jelly coat protects the egg
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9
Q

how is the sperm cell specialised?

A
  • streamlines shape so it can swim
  • large number of mitochondria for energy
  • tail
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10
Q

what is the function of cilia? and where is it found?

A
  • found on the oviduct cell

- substances can be swept along

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11
Q

what is the meaning of prokaryotic?

A

prokaryotic cells do not have a nuclei, chromosomes, chloroplasts and mitochondria

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12
Q

what are plasmids?

A

smaller loops of DNA found in cytoplasm

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13
Q

what are the things found in a bacteria cell? and what is each of there functions?

A

cell wall- for support
slime coat- for protection
cell membrane- to decides what leaves and enters
flagellum- spins like a propeller so the bacteria can move
cytoplasm- contains ribosomes
chromosomal DNA

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14
Q

how does bacteria use digestive enzymes?

A

bacteria release digestive enzymes into their environments and then absorb digested food into their cells

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15
Q

how do humans use digestive enzymes?

A

the digestive enzymes help break down the larger molecules of food into smaller subunits so they can be absorbed in the small intestine.

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16
Q

what do protein molecules break down into?

A

amino acids

17
Q

what do starch molecules break down into?

A

glucose molecules

18
Q

what do lipid molecules break down into?

A

fatty acids

19
Q

what are polymers? examples.

A

carbohydrates and proteins are both polymers because they are made up of many similar molecules joined in a chain

20
Q

what is synthesis?

A

the building of larger molecules from subunits

21
Q

how can reactions be sped up?

A

using a catalyst

22
Q

how are enzymes important in life?

A

enzymes are biological catalysts which increase the rate of reactions in the body

23
Q

what are 3 examples of enzymes found in the body?

A

amylase, catalase, starch synthase

24
Q

where is amylase found and what is breaking down?

A

they are found in saliva and the small intestine

they break down starch to small sugars

25
Q

where is catalase found and what is breaking down?

A

they are found in most cells but mostly in liver cells

they break down hydrogen peroxide

26
Q

where is starch synthase found and what is breaking down?

A

they are found in plants

turn starch into glucose

27
Q

what is the function of an active site of an enzyme?

A

to fit at the art of the reaction

28
Q

why do enzymes only work on specific substrates?

A

different substrates have different 3D shapes and different enzymes have different active sites of different shapes.

29
Q

how are enzymes denatured?

A

changes in pH or temperature can change the shape not allowing it to fit into the active site.

30
Q

how do you calculate the rate of enzyme activity?

A

take the time, temperature and grams of specific point on the graph and divide how much reactive by how long it took and it will give you the (g/min)

31
Q

what is optimum temperature?

A

the temperature at which an enzyme works fastest

32
Q

what is osmosis?

A

where water molecules can defuse through a membrane but large molecules cannot. if there are more water molecules on one side they will move to the other side. this diffusion of molecules through a membrane is called osmosis.

33
Q

how do you calculate percentage change in mass?

A

(final mass - initial mass) / initial mass X 100

34
Q

how does active transport work?

A

active transport takes place along a concentration gradient.

transport proteins capture molecules and take them along a membrane. this requires energy.

35
Q

what are passive processes and what are two examples?

A

don’t not require energy to take place….. i.e. osmosis and diffusion

36
Q

how would you investigate osmosis in potatoes?

A
  1. table separate boiling tubes with the concentration you are going to use
  2. cut similar sized potato chips ready to place inside the tube. and blot each of them dry.
  3. measure and record the mass then place in the tube
  4. fill each tube with appropriate solution
  5. after 15min remove, blot dry and record the mass and compare

Biology (9 decks)

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