1) Heath, Disease and the Development of Medicine

Question 1

how does the World Health Organisation define heath?

Answer 1

-state of complete physical, social and mental well-being

Question 2

what is a communicable disease?

Answer 2

• causes by pathogens

- passed from an infected person to another

Question 3

what is a non communicable disease?

Answer 3

-not passed from person to person

Question 4

why can the presence of one disease lead to a high chance of other diseases?

Answer 4

• damages immune system
• damages barriers to stop pathogens
• stop organ systems working correctly

Question 5

what is a pathogen? and what are some examples.

Answer 5

• microorganisms that cause disease.

- viruses, bacteria, fungi and protists

Question 6

what type of pathogen is cholera? what are the symptoms?

Answer 6

• bacteria

- diarrhoea

Question 7

what type of pathogen is tuberculosis? what are the symptoms?

Answer 7

• bacteria

- bloody mucus when coughing, weight loss, fever

Question 8

what type of pathogen is Chalara ash dieback?

Answer 8

-fungus

Question 9

what type of pathogen is malaria? what are the symptoms?

Answer 9

• protist

- fever, weakness, sickness

Question 10

what type of pathogen is HIV? what are the symptoms?

Answer 10

• virus

- AIDS, destroy while blood cells

Question 11

what type of pathogen is ulcers? what are the symptoms?

Answer 11

• bacteria

- bacteria attacks stomach lining

Question 12

what type of pathogen is ebola? what are the symptoms?

Answer 12

• virus

- sickness, death

Question 13

how are pathogens spread?

Answer 13

• air
• water
• in food
• flies that land on food

Question 14

how can ebola be reduced/prevented?

Answer 14

• wear full body suits

- high hygiene practices

Question 15

how are sexually transmitted diseases spread?

Answer 15

• sex/sexual fluids
• pregnancy to unborn baby
• sharing needles

Question 16

how can HIV and Chlamydia be prevented/reduced?

Answer 16

-condoms

Question 17

how do physical barriers provide protection from pathogens?

Answer 17

• skin protects
• get in through: wounds/
• animals piercing in skin

Question 18

how do chemical defences provide protection from pathogens?

Answer 18

• lysozyme in skin, mucus, saliva, tears

- rects/kills pathogens

Question 19

what is the role of the immune systems? what does it do?

Answer 19

• uses antigens to identify cells from inside/outside body

- lymphocytes with antibodies attach and replicate to attack the pathogen

Question 20

what is the bodies repose to immunisation?

Answer 20

• using vaccine
• contains inactive pathogens
• injection or tablet

Question 21

why can antibodies only be used to treat bacterial infections?

Answer 21

• stops it growing

- no effect on human cells

Question 22

what is the process of making new medicines?

Answer 22

• DISCOVERY of infection
• DEVELOPMENT-side effects, if it can get into the cells
• PRECLINICAL -tested on animals
• CLINICAL TESTING -dose checked, test on patients

Question 23

what can a lot of non-commuincable diseases be from? and what kind of diseases?

Answer 23

lack of:
protein- kwashiorkor
vitamin C- scurvy
vitamin D/calcium- rickets
iron-anaemia

Question 24

what are the effects of alcohol diseases (local, national and globally)?

Answer 24

• liver disease
• 5th largest case of death in UK
• increases by 450% in UK over 30yrs
• top 5 countries, Australia, Uk, Russia, Brazil, USA

Question 25

what are the effects of having a high BMI?

Answer 25

-obesity, cardiovascular disease, heart attack

Question 26

what are the effects of smoking?

Answer 26

• cardiovascular disease
• damaged lungs
• blood clots

Question 27

what are some treatments of cardiovascular disease?

Answer 27

• medicine to reduce blood pressure
• blood vessels widened using a stent
• heart bypass