Key Associations part 5

Question 1

Dementia

Answer 1

Alzheimer disease, multiple infarcts (vascular dementia)

Question 2

Demyelinating disease in young women

Answer 2

Multiple sclerosis

Question 3

Brain tumor (adults)

Answer 3

Supratentorial: metastasis, astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme), meningioma, schwannoma

Question 4

Pituitary tumor

Answer 4

Prolactinoma, somatotropic adenoma

Question 5

Brain tumor (children)

Answer 5

Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial: craniopharyngioma

Question 6

Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease

Answer 6

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Question 7

Degeneration of dorsal column fibers

Answer 7

Tabes dorsalis (3° syphilis), subacute combined degeneration (dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal, spinocerebellar tracts affected)

Question 8

Glomerulonephritis (adults)

Answer 8

Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)

Question 9

Nephrotic syndrome (adults)

Answer 9

Membranous nephropathy

Question 10

Nephrotic syndrome (children)

Answer 10

Minimal change disease

Question 11

Kidney stones

Answer 11

Calcium = radiopaque

Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease ⊕ organisms such as Proteus mirabilis, S saprophyticus, Klebsiella)

Uric acid = radiolucent

Cystine = faintly radiopaque

Question 12

Renal tumor

Answer 12

Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau
and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO,
renin, PTHrP, ACTH)

Question 13

1° amenorrhea

Answer 13

Turner syndrome (45,XO or 45,XO/46,XX mosaic)

Question 14

Neuron migration failure

Answer 14

Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)

Question 15

Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina

Answer 15

DES exposure in utero

Question 16

Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)

Answer 16

Serous cystadenoma

Question 17

Ovarian tumor (malignant)

Answer 17

Serous carcinoma

Question 18

Tumor in women

Answer 18

Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)

Question 19

Gynecologic malignancy

Answer 19

Endometrial carcinoma (most common in US); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)

Question 20

Breast mass

Answer 20

Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)

Question 21

Breast tumor (benign, young woman)

Answer 21

Fibroadenoma

Question 22

Breast cancer

Answer 22

Invasive ductal carcinoma

Question 23

Testicular tumor

Answer 23

Seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive), high placental ALP

Question 24

Obstruction of male urinary tract

Answer 24

BPH

Question 25

Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis

Answer 25

Virchow triad ( risk of thrombosis)

Question 26

Pulmonary hypertension

Answer 26

Idiopathic, heritable, left heart disease (eg, HF), lung disease (eg, COPD), hypoxemic vasoconstriction (eg, OSA), thromboembolic (eg, PE)

Question 27

SIADH

Answer 27

Small cell carcinoma of the lung