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Key Associations Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Actinic (solar) keratosis

A

precursor to squamous cell carcinoma

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2
Q

Acute gastric ulcer assoc with CNS injury

A

Cushing’s ulcer- inc ICP –> vagal gastric stim

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3
Q

Acute gastruc ulcer associated with severe burn

A

Curling ulcer- large dec in Plasma volume leads to sloughing off of gastric mucosa

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4
Q

Alternating areas of transmural inflammation with normal colon

A

Crohn’s disease- skip lesions

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5
Q

Dissecting aneurysm

A

HTN

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6
Q

Aortic, descending, or ascending aneurysm

A

Atherosclerosis

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7
Q

Aortic Arch aneurysm

A

tertiary syphilis- vaso vasorum destruction

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8
Q

Ascending Aortic aneurysm

A

Marfan syndrome- cystic medial degeneration

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9
Q

Mammilary body atrophy

A

Wernicke’s encephaloathy- Thiamine deficiency - Ataxia, opthalmoplegia, confusion

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10
Q

Autospenectomy

A

Sickle Cell Anemia- HbS

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11
Q

Bacteria associated with gastritis, PUD, and Stomach Cancer

A

H. Pylori

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12
Q

Bac meningitis in adults and elderly

A

Streptocccus Pneumoniase

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13
Q

Bac meningitis in newborns

A

Group B streptococcus

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14
Q

Bac meningitis in kids

A

S. Pneumoniase/ Nisseria Meningitidis

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15
Q

Benign melanocytic nevus

A

Spitz nevus- most common in 1st two decades

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16
Q

Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency

A

Bernard-Soulier syndrome- defect in platelet adhesion to vWF

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17
Q

Brain tumor in adults

A

Supratentorial: metastasis> astrocytoma (Glioblastoma multiforme)>meningioma>Schwannoma

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18
Q

Brain tumor in kids

A

Infratentorial: medulloblastoma of cerebellum
Supratentorial: Craniopharyngioma of Cerebrum

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19
Q

Breast Cancer

A

Infiltrating ductal carcinoma

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20
Q

Breast Mass

A

Fibrocytic change

post menopausal women- carcinoma

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21
Q

Breast tumor- benign

A

fibroadenoma

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22
Q

Primary Cardiac tumor in kids

A

rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis

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23
Q

Cardiac manifestation of lupus

A

Libman Sacks endocarditis- non bacterial affects both sides of the mitral valve

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24
Q

Cardiac tumors of adults

A

Metastasis, primary myxoma (4:1 L to R atrium- “ball and valve”

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25
Q

Cerebellar tonsillar herniation

A

Chiari malformation- often presents with progressive hydrocephalus or syringomyelia

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26
Q

Chronic arrhythmia

A

A. fib- associated with a high risk of emboli

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27
Q

Chronic atrophic gastritis- Autoimmune

A

Predisposition to gastric carcinoma

Can Cause pernicious anemia

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28
Q

Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina

A

DES exposure in utero

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29
Q

Compression fracture

A

Osteoperosis
Type I= postmenopausal
Type II= elderly man or woman

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30
Q

Congenital Adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension

A

21 hydroxylase deficiency

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31
Q

Congenital Cardiac Anomaly

A

VSD

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32
Q

Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)

A

Dubin Johnson syndrome- hepatocytes cannot secrete conjugated billirubin into the bile

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33
Q

Constrictive pericarditis

A

Tb- developing world

SLE- developed world

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34
Q

Order of Coronary arteries involved in thrombosis

A

LAD> RCA> LCA

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35
Q

Cretinism

A

Iodine deficiency/ Hypothyroidism

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36
Q

Cushings syndrome- causes

A

Iatrogenic- corticosteroid therapy
Ectopic Cortisol production
ACTH secreting pituitary adenoma
Paraneoplastic Cushings

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37
Q

Causes of early cyanosis (more common)

A

T of F, transposition of the great vessels, truncus arteriosus

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38
Q

Causes of late cyanosis (less common)

A

VSD, ASD, PDA

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39
Q

Cause of death in CML

A

Blast crisis

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40
Q

Cause of death in SLE

A

Lupus nephropathy

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41
Q

Causes Dementia

A

Alz dz or multiple infarct demetia

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42
Q

A demyelinating disease in young women

A

MS

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43
Q

Causes of DIC

A

Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burnes, trauma, major surgery

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44
Q

Major nutrient deficient in diets

A

Fe

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45
Q

Diverticulum of the pharynx and how is it dx

A

Zenker’s diverticulum- dx with barium swallow

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46
Q

What murmur is an Ejection click a sign of

A

Aortic or pulmonic stenosis

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47
Q

MC types of Esophogeal cancer- in the US and world wide

A

World wide: Squamous cell carcinoma

US: Adenocarcinoma

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48
Q

Exotoxin mediated food poisoning

A

S. Aureus

B. Cereus

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49
Q

Causes of glomerulonephritis in adults

A

Berger’s disease- IgA nephropathy

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50
Q

MC Gynecologic malignancies in the US and world wide

A

US- Endometrial Carcinoma

Worldwide- Cervical Carcinoma

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51
Q

MC Congenital heart murmur

A

MVP

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52
Q

MC valves affected by bacterial endocarditis in rheumatic fever

A

Rheumatic feverMitral> aortic

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53
Q

MC valve affected by bacterial endocarditis in IV drug use

A

Tricuspid valve

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54
Q

MC Helminth infections in the US

A

Enterobius Vermicularis

Ascaris Lumricoides

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55
Q

Epidural Hematoma- cause, structure shape

A

Trauma to middle meningeal artery, lens shaped

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56
Q

Subdural hematoma- cause, structure, shape

A

rupture of bridging veins, crescent shaped, elderly and alchololics

57
Q

Causes of Hemachromatosis

A

Multiple blood transfussion

HFE mutations- CHF, bronze diabetes, inc risk of hepatocellular Carcinoma

58
Q

Causes of hepatocellular Carcinoma

A

Cirrhotic liver- associated with HBV, HCV, and alcoholism

59
Q

MC hereditary bleeding disorder

A

von Willebrand’s disease

60
Q

Cause of hereditary harmless Jaundice

A

Gilberts syndrome- benign congenital unconjugated hyperbillirubinemia

61
Q

Diseases associated with HLA- B27

A

Seronegative arthropathies:

Ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter’s syndrome, Ulcerative Colitis, Psoriasis

62
Q

Diseases associated with HLA- DR3, DR4

A

DMT1, RA, SLE

63
Q

Malformations associated with a holosystolic murmur

A

VSD, tricuspid or mitral regurgitation

64
Q

Which triad is associated with- Hypercoagulatility, endothelial damage,blood stasis

A

Virchow’s triad- results in venous thrombosis

65
Q

Secondary hypertension is a sign of what condition

A

Renal Disease

66
Q

Major cause of hypoparathyroidism

A

Accidental excision during thyroidectomy

67
Q

Major cause of hypopituitarism

A

Pituitary adenoma, usually benign

68
Q

Infections secondary to blood transfusion

A

Hepatitis C

69
Q

Infections in chronic granulomatous disease

A

Catalase positive bacteria: S. Aureus, E. Coli, Aspergillus

70
Q

Types of kidney stones and visibility on x ray

A

Ca= radiopaque
Struvite (amonium)= radiopaque formed from urease positive organisms ie proteus vulgaris or staphyloccocus
uric acid= radiolucent

71
Q

Late cyanotic shunts (uncorrected L to R shunt becomes R to L)- Syndrome and abnormalities

A

Eisenmenger’s syndrome- ASD, VSD, PDA causes pulm HTN/ polycythemia

72
Q

Common cause of liver disease

A

Alcoholic cirrhosis

73
Q

Lysosomal storage disease

A

Gaucher’s disease

74
Q

Most common male cancer

A

prostatic cancer

75
Q

malignancy associated with noninfectious fever

A

hodgkins lymphoma

76
Q

MC malignancy in kids

A

ALL OR

medulloblastoma- cerebellum

77
Q

MC cause of MR

A

Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome

78
Q

Order of cancers that metastasize to bone

A

Prostate, breast> Lung> thyroid, testes

79
Q

Order of cancers that metastasize to brain

A

Lung> breast> GU> osteosarcoma> melanoma> GI

80
Q

Order of cancers that metastasize to Liver

A

Colon&raquo_space; stomach, pancreas

81
Q

Pattern of mitochondrial inheritance

A

Disease occurs in both males and females but is only passed through females

82
Q

Cause of Mitral valve stenosis

A

Rheumatic heart disease

83
Q

Disease that is mixed UMN and LMN lesion

A

ALS

84
Q

microbe associated with myocarditis

A

Coxackie B virus

85
Q

Cause of Nephrotic syndrome in adults

A

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

86
Q

Cause of Nephrotic syndrome in kids

A

Minimal change disease

87
Q

Disease of Neuron migration failure

A

Kallmann syndrome- hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and anosmia

88
Q

Microbes of Nosocomial pneumonia

A

Klebsiella, E. Coli, P. Aeruginosa

89
Q

Cause of obstruction of male urinary tract

A

BPH

90
Q

Malformation with opening snap on auscultation

A

Mitral stenosis

91
Q

Opportunistic infection in AIDS

A

PCP

92
Q

Microbe of Osteomyelitis

A

S. Aureus

93
Q

Cause of osteomyelitis in Sickle Cell disease

A

Salmonella

94
Q

Cause of osteomyelitis in IV drug user

A

Pseudomonas, S. Aureus

95
Q

What is ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer called

A

Krukenberg tumor- mucin secreting signet ring cells

96
Q

A Bilateral Benign ovarian tumor

A

Serous cystadenoma

97
Q

A malignant ovarian tumor

A

Serous cystadenocarcinoma

98
Q

Causes of Acute pancreatitis

A

Gallstones, Alcohol

99
Q

Causes of chronic pancreatitis in adults

A

Alcohol

100
Q

Causes of chronic pancreatitis in kids

A

Cystic Fibrosis

101
Q

Age pt with ALL

A

Children

102
Q

Age of pt with CLL

A

adult>60

103
Q

Age of pt with AML

A

Adult around 65

104
Q

Age of pt with CML

A

Adult- 30-60

105
Q

Causes of PID

A

Chlamydia trachomatis, Nisseria Gonorrhoeae

106
Q

What cancers are associated with the philadephia chromosome- t(9;22) (bcr-abl)

A

CML, sometimes associated with AML or ALL

107
Q

Most common types of pituitary tumors

A

Prolactinoma, Somatotropic “acidophilic” adenoma

108
Q

Cause of primary amenorrhea

A

Turner syndrome 45 (X,O)

109
Q

Common primary bone tumor of adults

A

Multiple myeloma

110
Q

Cause of Primary hyperaldosteronism

A

Adenoma of adrenal cortex

111
Q

Cause of primary hyperparathyroidism

A

Adenoma, hyperplasia, carcinoma

112
Q

Common primary liver cancer

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma- chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemachromatosis, alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency

113
Q

Cause of pulmonary HTN

A

COPD

114
Q

Disease associated with recurrent inflammation/ thrombosis of small and medium vessels in extremities

A

Buerger’s disease

115
Q

Common renal tumor

A

Renal cell carcinoma- assoc with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking, paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH)

116
Q

Name of RHF caused by with pulmonary cause

A

Cor Pulmonale

117
Q

Pathology associated with S3- Prodiastolic gallop

A

CHF- increased ventricular filling- L –> R shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure

118
Q

Pathology associated with S4- presystolic gallop

A

Stiff hypertrophic ventricle- aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy

119
Q

Cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease

120
Q

MC sexually transmitted disease

A

Chlamydia- usually coinfected with gonorrhea

121
Q

Common cause of SIADH

A

Small cell carcinoma of the lung

122
Q

Common site of diverticula

A

Sigmoid colon

123
Q

Order of sties of atherosclerosis

A

Abdominal aorta> coronary artery> popliteal artery> carotid artery

124
Q

Common type of stomach cancer

A

Adenocarcinoma

125
Q

Disease associated with stomach ulcerations and high gastrin

A

Zollinger Ellison syndrome- gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas

126
Q

Cancer associated with t(8;14)

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma- c-myc activation

127
Q

Cancer associated with t(14:18)

A

Follicular lymphoma- bcl-2 activation

128
Q

Risks associated with Temporal arteritis

A

Ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of opthalmic artery.

Polymalgia rheumatica

129
Q

Common testicular tumor

A

Seminoma

130
Q

Common thyroid cancer

A

Papillary carcinoma

131
Q

Common tumor in women

A

Leiomyoma- Estrogen dependent, not precancerous

132
Q

Common tumor of infancy

A

Hemangioma- usually regresses spontaneously by childhood

133
Q

Common tumor or adrenal medulla in adults

A

Pheochromocytoma- usually benign

134
Q

Common tumor of adrenal medulla in kids

A

Neuroblastoma- malignant

135
Q

Types of hodgkins lymphoma

A

Nodular sclerosis vs mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion

136
Q

Common type of NHL

A

Diffuse large cell

137
Q

Causes of UTI

A

E. Coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus in young women

138
Q

Cause of viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe

A

HSV-1

139
Q

Vitamin deficiency US

A

Folate- esp pregnant woman, body only has 3-4 months supply, prevents NTD

USMLE (12 decks)

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