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USMLE > Key Associations > Flashcards

Key Associations Flashcards

1
Q

Actinic (solar) keratosis

A

Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma

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2
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury

A

Cushing ulcer (increased intracranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric H+ secretion)

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3
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

A

Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)

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4
Q

Alternating areas of transmittal inflammation and normal colon

A

Skip lesions (Crohn Disease)

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5
Q

Aortic aneurysm, abdominal

A

Atherosclerosis

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6
Q

Aortic aneurysm, ascending or arch

A

Tertiary syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction

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7
Q

Aortic aneurysm, thoracic

A

Marfan Syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)

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8
Q

Aortic dissection

A

Hypertension

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9
Q

Atrophy of the mammillary bodies

A

Wernicke encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, opthalmoplegia and confusion)

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10
Q

Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)

A

Sickle cell Disease (hemoglobin S)

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11
Q

Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer

A

H.pylorie

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12
Q

Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)

A

S.pneumoniae

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13
Q

Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)

A

Group B strep/E.coli (newborns)

S.pneumoniae/N.meningitidis (kids/teens)

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14
Q

Bilateral ovarian metastases from gastric carcinoma

A

Krukenburg tumor (mucin secreting signet ring cells)

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15
Q

Bleeding disorder with Gp1b deficiency

A

Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to vWF)

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16
Q

Brain tumor (adults)

A

Supratentorial: metastasis, astrocytoma (including glioblastoma), meningioma, schwannoma

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17
Q

Brain tumor (kids)

A

Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial:craniopharyngioma

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18
Q

Breast cancer

A

Invasive ductal carcinoma

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19
Q

Breast mass

A

Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)

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20
Q

Breast tumor (benign)

A

Fibroadenoma

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21
Q

Cardiac primary tumor (kids)

A

Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous Sclerosis

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22
Q

Cardiac manifestation of Lupus

A

Marantic/thrombotic endocarditis (nonbacterial)

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23
Q

Cardiac tumor (adults)

A

Metastasis, myxoma (90% in left atrium; “ball and valve”)

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24
Q

Cerebellar tonsillar herniation

A

Chiari II malformation

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25
Q

Chronic arrhythmia

A

Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)

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26
Q

Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)

A

Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)

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27
Q

Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina

A

DES exposure in utero

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28
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency

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29
Q

Congenital cardiac anomaly

A

VSD

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30
Q

Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)

A

Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)

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31
Q

Constrictive Pericarditis

A

TB (developing world); idiopathic, viral illness (developed world)

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32
Q

Coronary artery involved in thrombosis

A

LAD>RCA>circumflex

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33
Q

Cretinism

A

Iodine deficiency/ congenital hypothyroidism

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34
Q

Cushing syndrome

A

Iatrogenic (from corticosteroid therapy)
Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol)
ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing Disease)
Paraneoplastic (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)

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35
Q

Cyanosis (early, less common)

A

TOF, TOGV, TA

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36
Q

Cyanosis (late; more common)

A

VSD, ASD, PDA

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37
Q

Death in CML

A

Blast crisis

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38
Q

Death in SLE

A

Lupus nephropathy

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39
Q

Dementia

A 
Alzheimer's disease 
Multiple infarcts (vascular dementia)
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40
Q

Demyelinating Disease in young women

A

Multiple Sclerosis

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41
Q

DIC

A

Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery

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42
Q

Dietary deficit

A

Iron

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43
Q

Diverticulum in pharynx

A

Zenker Diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)

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44
Q

Ejection click

A

Aortic stenosis

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45
Q

Esophageal cancer

A

Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide)

Adenocarcinoma (U.S.)

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46
Q

Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)

A

S.aureus, B.cereus

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47
Q

Glomerulonephritis (adults)

A

Berger Disease (IgA nephropathy)

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48
Q

Gynecologic malignancy

A 
Endometrial carcinoma (MC in US)
Cervical carcinoma (MC worldwide)
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49
Q

Heart murmur, congenital

A

Mitral valve prolapse

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50
Q

Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis

A

Mitral>aortic (rheumatic fever)

Tricuspid (IV drug abuse)

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51
Q

Helminth infection (US)

A

Enterobius vermicularis

Ascaris lumbricoides

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52
Q

Hematoma-epidural

A

Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)

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53
Q

Hematoma-subdural

A

Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)

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54
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in heart failure, “bronze diabetes”, and increase risk of hepatocellular carcinoma

55
Q

Hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C and with alcoholism)

56
Q

Hereditary bleeding disorder

A

Von Willebrand Disease

57
Q

Hereditary harmless jaundice

A

Gilbert syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)

58
Q

HLA-B27

A 
J
Ankylosing spondylitis 
s
Psoriatic arthritis 
Reactive arthritis

Ulcerative colitis

59
Q

HLA-DR3

A

Diabetes Mellitus
SLE
Graves’ disease
Hashimoto thyroiditis

60
Q

HLA DR4

A

Diabetes Mellitus type 1

Rheumatoid arthritis

61
Q

Holosystolic murmur

A

VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation

62
Q

Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis

A

Virchow triad (increase risk of thrombosis)

63
Q

Hypertension, secondary

A

Renal Disease

64
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Accidental excision during thyroidectomy

65
Q

Hypopituitarism

A

Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)

66
Q

Infection secondary to blood transfusion

A

Hepatitis C

67
Q

Infections in Chronic Granulomatous Disease

A

S.aureus
E.coli
Aspergillus
*catalase positive

68
Q

Intellectual disability

A

Down Syndrome

Fragile X syndrome

69
Q

Kidney Stones

A

Calcium= radiopaque

Struvite (ammonium)= radiopaque (formed by urease positive organisms such as klebsiella, proteus n S.saprophyticus)

Uric acid=radiolucent

70
Q

Late cyanosis shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left

A

Eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)

71
Q

Liver Disease

A

Alcoholic Cirrhosis

72
Q

Lysosomal storage Disease

A

Gaucher Disease

73
Q

Male cancer

A

Prostatic cancer

74
Q

Malignancy associated with non infectious fever

A

Hodgkin lymphoma

75
Q

Malignancy (kids)

A

ALL, medulloblastoma (cerebellum)

76
Q

Metastases to bone

A

Prostate, breast
Lung
Thyroid

77
Q

Metastases to brain

A 
Lung
Breast
Genitourinary 
Melanoma
GI
78
Q

Metastases to liver

A

Colon
Stomach
Pancreas

79
Q

Mitochondrial inheritance

A

Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only

80
Q

Mitral valve stenosis

A

Rheumatic heart disease

81
Q

Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

82
Q

Myocarditis

A

Coxsackie B

83
Q

Nephrotic Syndrome (adults)

A

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

84
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (kids)

A

Minimal change Disease

85
Q

Neuron migration failure

A

Kallman syndrome (hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and Anosmia)

86
Q

Nososcomial pneumonia

A

S.aureus
Pseudomonas
Other enteric gram negative rods

87
Q

Obstruction of male urinary tract

88
Q

Opening snap

A

Mitral stenosis

89
Q

Opportunistic infection in AIDS

A

Pneumocytis jirovecii pneumonia

90
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

S.aureus (most common overall)

91
Q

Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease

A

Salmonella

92
Q

Osteomyelitis with IV drug use

A

Pseudomonas
Candida
S.aureus

93
Q

Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)

A

Serous cystadenoma

94
Q

Ovarian tumor (malignant)

A

Serous cystadenocarcinoma

95
Q

Pancreatitis (acute)

A

Gallstones, alcohol

96
Q

Pancreatitis (chronic)

A 
Alcohol (adults) 
Cystic fibrous (kids)
97
Q

Patient wit ALL/CLL/AML/CML

A

ALL:child
CLL: adult >60
AML: adult 65
CML: adult 45-85

98
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease

A

C.trachomatis

N.gonorrhea

99
Q

Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (BCR-ABL)

A

CML

May sometimes be associated with ALL/AML

100
Q

Pituitary tumor

A

Prolactinoma, somatotropin adenoma

101
Q

Primary amenorrhea

A

Turner syndrome (45,XO)

102
Q

Primary bone tumor (adults)

A

Multiple Myeloma

103
Q

Primary hyperaldosteronism

A

Adenoma of adrenal cortex

104
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism

A

Adenoma, hyperplasia, carcinoma

105
Q

Primary liver cancer

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, a1-antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson disease)

106
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

107
Q

Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities

A

Buerger Disease (strongly associated with tobacco)

108
Q

Renal tumor

A

Renal cell carcinoma: associated with Von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTHrP,ACTH)

109
Q

Right heart failure due to pulmonary cause

A

Cor pulmonale

110
Q

S3 heart sound

A

Increased ventricular filling pressure (mitral regurgitation, HF), common in dilated ventricles

111
Q

S4 heart sound

A

Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)

112
Q

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease

113
Q

Sexually transmitted disease

A

C.trachomatis (usually coinfected with N.gonorrhea)

114
Q

SIADH

A

Small cell carcinoma of lung

115
Q

Site of diverticula

A

Sigmoid colon

116
Q

Sites of atherosclerosis

A

Abdominal aorta
Coronary artery
Popliteal artery
Carotid artery

117
Q

Stomach cancer

A

Adenocarcinoma

118
Q

Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)

119
Q

t (14;18)

A

Follicular lymphomas (BCL-2 activation, anti-apoptotic oncogene)

120
Q

t(8;14)

A

Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc fusion,transcription factor oncogene)

121
Q

t(9;22)

A

Philadelphia chromosome, CML (BRC-ABL activation, tyrosine kinase oncogene)

122
Q

Temporal arteritis

A

Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to occlusion of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica

123
Q

Testicular tumor

A

Seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive)

124
Q

Thyroid cancer

A

Papillary carcinoma

125
Q

Tumor in women

A

Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)

126
Q

Tumor of infancy

A

Strawberry hemangioma )usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)

127
Q

Tumor of adrenal medulla (adults)

A

Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)

128
Q

Tumor of adrenal medulla (kids)

A

Neuroblastoma (malignant)

129
Q

Type of Hodgkin lymphoma

A

Nodular Sclerosing (vs. mixed cellular it’s, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)

130
Q

Type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma

A

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

131
Q

UTI

A

E.coli

S.saprophyticus (young women)

132
Q

Vertebral compression fracture

A

Osteoporosis (type 1: postmenopausal woman; type II:elderly man or woman)

133
Q

Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe

134
Q

Vitamin deficiency (US)

A

Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3 to 4 month supply; prevents neural tube defects)

USMLE (18 decks)

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