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Rapid Review STEP 1 > Key Associations > Flashcards

Key Associations Flashcards

2
Q

Actinic (solar) keratosis

A

Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma

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3
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury

A

Cushing’s ulcer (increased ICP stimulates vagal gastric secretion)

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4
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

A

Curling’s ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)

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5
Q

Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon

A

Skip lesions (Crohn’s disease)

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6
Q

Aneurysm, dissecting

A

Hypertension

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7
Q

Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta

A

Atherosclerosis

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8
Q

Aortic aneurysm, ascending

A

Marfan’s syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)

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9
Q

Atrophy of the mamillary bodies

A

Wernicke’s encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)

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10
Q

Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)

A

Sickle cell anemia (HbS)

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11
Q

Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer

A

H. Pylori

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12
Q

Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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13
Q

Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)

A

Group B streptococcus (newborns), S. pneumoniae/Neisseria meningitidis (kids)

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14
Q

Benign melanocytic nevus

A

Spitz nevus (most common in the first two decades)

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15
Q

Bleeding disorder with Gp1b deficiency

A

Bernard-Soulier disease (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand’s factor)

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16
Q

Brain tumor (adults)

A

Supratentorial: metastasis > astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme) > meningioma > schwannoma

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17
Q

Brain tumor (kids)

A

Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial: craniopharyngioma (cerebrum)

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18
Q

Breast cancer

A

Infiltrating ductal carcinoma (in the United States, 1 in 9 women will develop breast cancer)

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19
Q

Breast mass

A
  1. Fibrocystic change 2. Carcinoma (in post menopausal women)
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20
Q

Breast tumor (benign)

A

Fibroadenoma

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21
Q

Cardiac primary tumor (kids)

A

Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis

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22
Q

Cardiac manifestation of lupus

A

Libman-Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve)

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23
Q

Cardiac tumor (adults)

A
  1. Metastasis 2. Primary myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium, “ball and valve”)
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24
Q

Cerebellar tonsillar herniation

A

Chiari malformation (often presents with progressive hydrocephalus or syringomyelia)

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25
Q

Chronic arrhythmia

A

Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)

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26
Q

Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)

A

Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)

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27
Q

Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina

A

DES exposure in utero

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28
Q

Compression fracture

A

Osteoporosis (Type 1: postmenopausal woman; type 2: elderly man or woman)

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29
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency

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30
Q

Congenital cardiac anomaly

A

VSD

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31
Q

Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)

A

Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)

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32
Q

Constrictive pericarditis

A

Tuberculosis (developing world); systemic lupus erythematosus (developed world)

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33
Q

Coronary artery involved in thrombosis

A

LAD > RCA > LCA

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34
Q

Cretinism

A

Iodine deficit/ hypothyroidism

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35
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A
  1. Corticosteroid therapy 2. Excess ACTH secretion by pituitary 3. Small cell lung carcinoma
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36
Q

Cyanosis (early; less common)

A

Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus

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37
Q

Cyanosis (late; more common)

A

VSD, ASD, PDA

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38
Q

Death in CML

A

Blast crisis

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39
Q

Death in SLE

A

Lupus nephropathy

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40
Q

Dementia

A
  1. Alzheimer’s disease 2. Multiple infarcts
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41
Q

Demyelinating disease in young women

A

Multiple Sclerosis

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42
Q

DIC

A

Gram-negative sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burn trauma

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43
Q

Dietary deficit

A

Iron

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44
Q

Diverticulum in pharynx

A

Zenker’s diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)

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45
Q

Ejection click

A

Aortic/ pulmonic stenosis

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46
Q

Esophageal cancer`

A

Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (U.S.)

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47
Q

Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)

A

S. aureus, B. cereus

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48
Q

Glomerulonephritis (adults)

A

Berger’s disease (IgA nephropathy)

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49
Q

Gynecologic malignancy

A

Endometrial carcinoma (most common in U.S.); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)

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50
Q

Heart murmur, congenital

A

Mitral valve prolapse

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51
Q

Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis

A

Mitral (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse), aortic (2nd affected in rheumatic fever)

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52
Q

Helminth infection (U.S.)

A
  1. Enterobius vermicularis 2. Ascaris lumbricoides
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53
Q

Hematoma- epidural

A

Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)

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54
Q

Hematoma- subdural

A

Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)

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55
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in CHF, “bronze diabetes”, and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)

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56
Q

Hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C)

57
Q

Hereditary bleeding disorder

A

von Willebrand’s disease

58
Q

Hereditary harmless jaundice

A

Gilbert’s syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)

59
Q

HLA-B27

A

Ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter’s syndrome, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis

60
Q

HLA-DR3 or -DR4

A

Diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE

61
Q

Holosystolic murmur

A

VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation

62
Q

Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis

A

Virchow’s triad (results in venous thrombosis)

63
Q

Hypertension, secondary

A

Renal disease

64
Q

Hypoparathryoidism

A

Accidental excision during thyroidectomy

65
Q

Hypopituitarism

A

Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)

66
Q

Infection secondary to blood transfusion

A

Hepatitis C

67
Q

Infections in chronic granulomatous disease

A

Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus (catalase positive)

68
Q

Kidney stones

A
  1. Calcium = radiopaque 2. Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease-positive organisms such as Proteus vulgaris or Staphylococcus) 3. Uric acid = radiolucent
69
Q

Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected L -> R becomes R -> L

A

Eisenmenger’s syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)

70
Q

Liver disease

A

Alcoholic cirrhosis

71
Q

Lysosomal storage disease

A

Gaucher’s disease

72
Q

Male cancer

A

Prostatic carcinoma

73
Q

Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

74
Q

Malignant skin tumor

A

Basal cell carcinoma (rarely metastasizes)

75
Q

Mental retardation

A
  1. Down Syndrome 2. Fragile X syndrome
76
Q

Metastases to bone

A

Breast, lung, thyroid, testes, prostate, kidney

77
Q

Metastases to brain

A

Lung, breast, skin (melanoma), kidney (renal cell carcinoma), GI

78
Q

Metastases to liver

A

Colon, gastric, pancreatic, breast, and lung carcinomas

79
Q

Mitochondrial inheritance

A

Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only

80
Q

Mitral valve stenosis

A

Rheumatic heart disease

81
Q

Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease

A

ALS

82
Q

Myocarditis

A

Coxsackie B

83
Q

Neoplasm (kids)

A
  1. ALL 2. Cerebellar medulloblastoma
84
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (adults)

A

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

85
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (kids)

A

Minimal change disease (associated with infections/vaccinations; treat with corticosteroids)

86
Q

Neuron migration failure

A

Kallmann syndrome

87
Q

Nosocomial pneumonia

A

Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa

88
Q

Obstruction of male urinary tract

A

BPH

89
Q

Opening snap

A

Mitral stenosis

90
Q

Opportunistic infection in AIDS

A

Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly carinii) pneumonia

91
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

S. aureus

92
Q

Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease

A

Salmonella

93
Q

Osteomyelitis with IV drug use

A

Pseudomonas, S. aureus

94
Q

Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer

A

Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet-ring cells)

95
Q

Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)

A

Serous cystademona

96
Q

Ovarian tumor (malignant)

A

Serous cystadenocarcinoma

97
Q

Pancreatitis (acute)

A

Gallstones, alcohol

98
Q

Pancreatitis (chronic)

A

Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)

99
Q

Patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML

A

ALL: child, CLL: adult > 60, AML: adult about 60, CML: adult 30-60

100
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae (monoarticular arthritis)

101
Q

Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (bcr-abl)

A

CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML)

102
Q

Pituitary tumor

A
  1. Prolactinoma 2. Somatotropic “acidophile” adenoma
103
Q

Primary amenorrhea

A

Turner syndrome (45XO)

104
Q

Primary bone tumor (adults)

A

Multiple myeloma

105
Q

Primary hyperaldosteronism

A

Adenoma of adrenal cortex

106
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism

A
  1. Adenomas 2. Hyperplasia 3. Carcinoma
107
Q

Primary liver cancer

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin)

108
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

A

COPD

109
Q

Recurrent inflammation/ thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities

A

Buerger’s disease (strongly associated with tobacco)

110
Q

Renal tumor

A

Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and adult polycystic kidney disease; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH)

111
Q

Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause

A

Cor pulmonale

112
Q

S3 (protodiastolic gallop)

A

Increased ventricular filling (L-> R shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure [CHF])

113
Q

S4 (presystolic gallop)

A

Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)

114
Q

Secondary hyperparathyoidism

A

Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease

115
Q

Sexually transmitted disease

A

Chlamydia (usually coinfected with gonorrhea)

116
Q

SIADH

A

Small cell carcinoma of the lung

117
Q

Site of diverticula

A

Sigmoid colon

118
Q

Sites of atherosclerosis

A

Abdominal aorta > coronary > popliteal > carotid

119
Q

Stomach cancer

A

Adenocarcinoma

120
Q

Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)

121
Q

t(14;18)

A

Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)

122
Q

t(8;14)

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma (c-myc activation)

123
Q

t(9;22)

A

Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl fusion)

124
Q

Temporal arteritis

A

Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica

125
Q

Testicular tumor

A

Seminoma

126
Q

Thyroid cancer

A

Papillary carcinoma

127
Q

Tumor in women

A

Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)

128
Q

Tumor of infancy

A

Hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)

129
Q

Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)

A

Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)

130
Q

Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)

A

Neuroblastoma (malignant)

131
Q

Type of Hodgkin’s

A

Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)

132
Q

Type of non-Hodgkin’s

A

Diffuse large cell

133
Q

UTI

A

E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (sexually active young women)

134
Q

Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe

A

HSV-1

135
Q

Vitamin deficiency (U.S.)

A

Folic acid (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3- to 4-month supply; prevents neural tube defects)

136
Q

Most common brain tumor of childhood?

A

Pilocytic astrocytoma – usually in cerebellum, Rosenthal fibers on histo, better prognosis than medulloblastoma…

Rapid Review STEP 1 (13 decks)

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