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USMLE Step 1 > Key Associations > Flashcards

Key Associations Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Actinic (solar) keratosis

A

Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma

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2
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

A

Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)

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3
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury

A

Cushing ulcer (increased ICP stimulates vagal gastric secretion)

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4
Q

Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon

A

Skip lesions (Crohn disease)

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5
Q

Aneurysm, dissecting

A

Hypertension

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6
Q

Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta

A

Atherosclerosis

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7
Q

Aortic aneurysm, arch

A

Tertiary syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction

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8
Q

Aortic aneurysm, ascending

A

Marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)

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9
Q

Atrophy of the mamillary bodies

A

Wernicke encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)

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10
Q

Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)

A

Sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin S)

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11
Q

Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer

A

H. pylori

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12
Q

Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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13
Q

Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)

A

Group B Streptococcus/E. coli (newborns), S. pneumoniae/Neisseria meningitidis (kids)

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14
Q

Benign melanocytic nevus

A

Spitz nevus (most common in first two decades)

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15
Q

Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency

A

Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor)

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16
Q

Brain tumor (adults)

A

Supratentorial: metastasis > astrocytoma (including GBM) > meningioma > schwannoma

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17
Q

Brain tumor (kids)

A

Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum); supratentorial: craniopharyngioma

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18
Q

Breast cancer

A

Infiltrating ductal carcinoma

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19
Q

Breast mass

A

Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)

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20
Q

Breast tumor (benign)

A

Fibroadenoma

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21
Q

Cardiac primary tumor (in kids)

A

Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis

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22
Q

Cardiac manifestation of lupus

A

Libman-Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve)

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23
Q

Cardiac tumor (adults)

A

Metastasis, primary myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium, “ball and valve”)

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24
Q

Cerebellar tonsillar herniation

A

Chiari II malformation

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25
Q

Chronic arrhythmia

A

Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)

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26
Q

Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)

A

Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)

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27
Q

Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina

A

DES exposure in utero

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28
Q

Compression fracture

A

Osteoporosis (type I: postmenopausal women; type II: elderly man or woman)

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29
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency

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30
Q

Congenital cardiac anomaly

A

VSD

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31
Q

Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)

A

Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)

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32
Q

Constrictive pericarditis

A

TB (developing world); SLE (developed world)

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33
Q

Coronary arter involved in thrombosis

A

LAD > RCA > LCA

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34
Q

Cretinism

A

Iodine deficit/hypothyroidism

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35
Q

Cushing syndrome

A
  • Iatrogenic (from corticosteroid therapy)
  • Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol)
  • ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma
  • Paraneoplastic (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)
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36
Q

Cyanosis (early; less common)

A

Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus

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37
Q

Cyanosis (late; more common)

A

VSD, ASD, PDA

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38
Q

Death in CML

A

Blast crisis

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39
Q

Death in SLE

A

Lupus nephropathy

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40
Q

Dementia

A

Alzheimer disease, vascular dementia (multiple infarcts)

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41
Q

Demyelinating disease in young women

A

Multiple sclerosis

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42
Q

DIC

A

Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery

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43
Q

Dietary deficit

A

Iron

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44
Q

Diverticulum in pharynx

A

Zenker diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)

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45
Q

Ejection click

A

Aortic/pulmonic stenosis

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46
Q

Esophageal cancer

A

Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (U.S.)

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47
Q

Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)

A

S. aureus, B. cereus

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48
Q

Glomerulonephritis (adults)

A

Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)

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49
Q

Gynecologic malignancy

A

Endometrial carcinoma (most common in U.S.); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)

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50
Q

Heart murmur, congenital

A

Mitral valve prolapse

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51
Q

Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis

A

Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IVDA)

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52
Q

Helminth infection (U.S.)

A

Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides

53
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in CHF, “bronze diabetes” and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)

54
Q

Hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C and with alcoholism)

55
Q

Hereditary bleeding disorder

A

von Willebrand disease

56
Q

Hereditary harmless jaundice

A

Gilbert syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)

57
Q

HLA-B27

A

Ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, ulcerative colitis, psoriatic arthritis

58
Q

HLA-DR3 or -DR4

A

Diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE

59
Q

Holosystolic murmur

A

VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation

60
Q

Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis

A

Virchow triad for venous thrombosis

61
Q

Hypertension, secondary

A

Renal disease

62
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Accidental excision during thyroidectomy

63
Q

Hypopituitarism

A

Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)

64
Q

Infection secondary to blood transfusion

A

Hepatitis C

65
Q

Infections in chronic granulomatous disease

A

Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus (catalase +)

66
Q

Intellectual disability

A

Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome

67
Q

Kidney stones

A
  • Calcium = radiopaque
  • Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease+ organisms such as Proteus vulgaris or Staphylococcus)
  • Uric acid = radiolucent
68
Q

Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)

A

Eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)

69
Q

Liver disease

A

Alcoholic cirrhosis

70
Q

Lysosomal storage disease

A

Gaucher disease

71
Q

Male cancer

A

Prostatic carcinoma

72
Q

Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever

A

Hodgkin lymphoma

73
Q

Malignancy (kids)

A

ALL, medulloblastoma (cerebellum)

74
Q

Metastases to bone

A

Prostate, breast > lung > thyroid

75
Q

Metastases to brain

A

Lung > breast > genitourinary > melanoma > GI

76
Q

Metastases to liver

A

Colon&raquo_space; stomach, pancreas

77
Q

Mitochondrial inheritance

A

Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only

78
Q

Mitral valve stenosis

A

Rheumatic heart disease

79
Q

Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease

A

ALS

80
Q

Myocarditis

A

Coxsackie B

81
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (adults)

A

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

82
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (kids)

A

Minimal change disease

83
Q

Neuron migration failure

A

Kallman syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)

84
Q

Nosocomial pneumonia

A

Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas

85
Q

Obstruction of male urinary tract

A

BPH

86
Q

Opening snap

A

Mitral stenosis

87
Q

Opportunistic infection in AIDS

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia

88
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

S. aureus

89
Q

Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease

A

Salmonella

90
Q

Osteomyelitis with IV drug use

A

Pseudomonas, S. aureus

91
Q

Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer

A

Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet-ring cells)

92
Q

Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)

A

Serous cystadenoma

93
Q

Ovarian tumor (malignant)

A

Serous cystadenocarcinoma

94
Q

Pancreatitis (acute)

A

Gallstones, alcohol

95
Q

Pancreatitis (chronic)

A

Alcohol (adults); CF (kids)

96
Q

Patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML

A

ALL: child; CLL: adult; AML: adult ~65; CML: adult 30-60

97
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease

A

Chlamydia, Gonorrhea

98
Q

Philadelphia chromosome (t[9;22], bcr-abl)

A

CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML)

99
Q

Pituitary tumor

A

Prolactinoma, somatotropic “acidophilic” adenoma

100
Q

Primary amenorrhea

A

Turner syndrome

101
Q

Primary bone tumor (adults)

A

Multiple myeloma

102
Q

Primary hyperaldosteronism

A

Adenoma of adrenal cortex

103
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism

A

Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma

104
Q

Primary liver cancer

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency)

105
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

A

COPD

106
Q

Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities

A

Buerger disease (strongly associated with tobacco)

107
Q

Renal tumor

A

Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH)

108
Q

Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause

A

Cor pulmonale

109
Q

S3 (protodiastolic gallop)

A

Increased ventricular filling (left-to-right shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure in CHF)

110
Q

S4 (presystolic gallop)

A

Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)

111
Q

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease

112
Q

SIADH

A

Small cell carcinoma of the lung

113
Q

Site of diverticula

A

Sigmoid colon

114
Q

Sites of atherosclerosis

A

Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery

115
Q

Stomach cancer

A

Adenocarcinoma

116
Q

Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)

117
Q

t(14;18)

A

Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)

118
Q

t(8;14)

A

Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc activation)

119
Q

t(9;22)

A

Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl fusion)

120
Q

Temporal arteritis

A

Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica

121
Q

Testicular tumor

A

Seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive)

122
Q

Thyroid cancer

A

Papillary carcinoma

123
Q

Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)

A

Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)

124
Q

Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)

A

Neuroblastoma (malignant)

125
Q

Type of Hodgkin

A

Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)

126
Q

Type of non-Hodgkin

A

Diffuse large cell

127
Q

UTI

A

E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)

128
Q

Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe

A

HSV-1

129
Q

Vitamin deficiency (U.S.)

A

Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3- to 4-month supply)

USMLE Step 1 (14 decks)

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