Key Associations Flashcards
Actinic (solar) keratosis
Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
Cushing ulcer (increased ICP stimulates vagal gastric secretion)
Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon
Skip lesions (Crohn disease)
Aneurysm, dissecting
Hypertension
Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta
Atherosclerosis
Aortic aneurysm, arch
Tertiary syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction
Aortic aneurysm, ascending
Marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)
Atrophy of the mamillary bodies
Wernicke encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)
Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)
Sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin S)
Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer
H. pylori
Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)
Group B Streptococcus/E. coli (newborns), S. pneumoniae/Neisseria meningitidis (kids)
Benign melanocytic nevus
Spitz nevus (most common in first two decades)
Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency
Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor)
Brain tumor (adults)
Supratentorial: metastasis > astrocytoma (including GBM) > meningioma > schwannoma
Brain tumor (kids)
Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum); supratentorial: craniopharyngioma
Breast cancer
Infiltrating ductal carcinoma
Breast mass
Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)
Breast tumor (benign)
Fibroadenoma
Cardiac primary tumor (in kids)
Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis
Cardiac manifestation of lupus
Libman-Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve)
Cardiac tumor (adults)
Metastasis, primary myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium, “ball and valve”)
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
Chiari II malformation
Chronic arrhythmia
Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)
Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
DES exposure in utero
Compression fracture
Osteoporosis (type I: postmenopausal women; type II: elderly man or woman)
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension
21-hydroxylase deficiency
Congenital cardiac anomaly
VSD
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)
Constrictive pericarditis
TB (developing world); SLE (developed world)
Coronary arter involved in thrombosis
LAD > RCA > LCA
Cretinism
Iodine deficit/hypothyroidism
Cushing syndrome
- Iatrogenic (from corticosteroid therapy)
- Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol)
- ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma
- Paraneoplastic (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)
Cyanosis (early; less common)
Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus
Cyanosis (late; more common)
VSD, ASD, PDA
Death in CML
Blast crisis
Death in SLE
Lupus nephropathy
Dementia
Alzheimer disease, vascular dementia (multiple infarcts)
Demyelinating disease in young women
Multiple sclerosis
DIC
Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery
Dietary deficit
Iron
Diverticulum in pharynx
Zenker diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)
Ejection click
Aortic/pulmonic stenosis
Esophageal cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (U.S.)
Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)
S. aureus, B. cereus
Glomerulonephritis (adults)
Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)
Gynecologic malignancy
Endometrial carcinoma (most common in U.S.); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)
Heart murmur, congenital
Mitral valve prolapse
Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis
Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IVDA)
Helminth infection (U.S.)
Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides
Hemochromatosis
Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in CHF, “bronze diabetes” and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C and with alcoholism)
Hereditary bleeding disorder
von Willebrand disease
Hereditary harmless jaundice
Gilbert syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
HLA-B27
Ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, ulcerative colitis, psoriatic arthritis
HLA-DR3 or -DR4
Diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE
Holosystolic murmur
VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
Virchow triad for venous thrombosis
Hypertension, secondary
Renal disease
Hypoparathyroidism
Accidental excision during thyroidectomy
Hypopituitarism
Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)
Infection secondary to blood transfusion
Hepatitis C
Infections in chronic granulomatous disease
Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus (catalase +)
Intellectual disability
Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome
Kidney stones
- Calcium = radiopaque
- Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease+ organisms such as Proteus vulgaris or Staphylococcus)
- Uric acid = radiolucent
Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)
Eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)
Liver disease
Alcoholic cirrhosis
Lysosomal storage disease
Gaucher disease
Male cancer
Prostatic carcinoma
Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
Hodgkin lymphoma
Malignancy (kids)
ALL, medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
Metastases to bone
Prostate, breast > lung > thyroid
Metastases to brain
Lung > breast > genitourinary > melanoma > GI
Metastases to liver
Colon»_space; stomach, pancreas
Mitochondrial inheritance
Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only
Mitral valve stenosis
Rheumatic heart disease
Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease
ALS
Myocarditis
Coxsackie B
Nephrotic syndrome (adults)
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Nephrotic syndrome (kids)
Minimal change disease
Neuron migration failure
Kallman syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)
Nosocomial pneumonia
Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas
Obstruction of male urinary tract
BPH
Opening snap
Mitral stenosis
Opportunistic infection in AIDS
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
Osteomyelitis
S. aureus
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease
Salmonella
Osteomyelitis with IV drug use
Pseudomonas, S. aureus
Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer
Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet-ring cells)
Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)
Serous cystadenoma
Ovarian tumor (malignant)
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
Pancreatitis (acute)
Gallstones, alcohol
Pancreatitis (chronic)
Alcohol (adults); CF (kids)
Patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML
ALL: child; CLL: adult; AML: adult ~65; CML: adult 30-60
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Chlamydia, Gonorrhea
Philadelphia chromosome (t[9;22], bcr-abl)
CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML)
Pituitary tumor
Prolactinoma, somatotropic “acidophilic” adenoma
Primary amenorrhea
Turner syndrome
Primary bone tumor (adults)
Multiple myeloma
Primary hyperaldosteronism
Adenoma of adrenal cortex
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma
Primary liver cancer
Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency)
Pulmonary hypertension
COPD
Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities
Buerger disease (strongly associated with tobacco)
Renal tumor
Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH)
Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause
Cor pulmonale
S3 (protodiastolic gallop)
Increased ventricular filling (left-to-right shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure in CHF)
S4 (presystolic gallop)
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
SIADH
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
Site of diverticula
Sigmoid colon
Sites of atherosclerosis
Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery
Stomach cancer
Adenocarcinoma
Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)
t(14;18)
Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)
t(8;14)
Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc activation)
t(9;22)
Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl fusion)
Temporal arteritis
Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica
Testicular tumor
Seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive)
Thyroid cancer
Papillary carcinoma
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)
Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)
Neuroblastoma (malignant)
Type of Hodgkin
Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
Type of non-Hodgkin
Diffuse large cell
UTI
E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)
Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
HSV-1
Vitamin deficiency (U.S.)
Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3- to 4-month supply)