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USMLE Step 1 > Key Associations > Flashcards

Key Associations Flashcards

1
Q

Actinic (solar) keratosis

A

Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma

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2
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

A

Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)

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3
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury

A

Cushing ulcer (increased ICP stimulates vagal gastric secretion)

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4
Q

Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon

A

Skip lesions (Crohn disease)

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5
Q

Aneurysm, dissecting

A

Hypertension

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6
Q

Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta

A

Atherosclerosis

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7
Q

Aortic aneurysm, arch

A

Tertiary syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction

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8
Q

Aortic aneurysm, ascending

A

Marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)

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9
Q

Atrophy of the mamillary bodies

A

Wernicke encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)

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10
Q

Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)

A

Sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin S)

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11
Q

Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer

A

H. pylori

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12
Q

Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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13
Q

Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)

A

Group B Streptococcus/E. coli (newborns), S. pneumoniae/Neisseria meningitidis (kids)

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14
Q

Benign melanocytic nevus

A

Spitz nevus (most common in first two decades)

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15
Q

Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency

A

Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor)

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16
Q

Brain tumor (adults)

A

Supratentorial: metastasis > astrocytoma (including GBM) > meningioma > schwannoma

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17
Q

Brain tumor (kids)

A

Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum); supratentorial: craniopharyngioma

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18
Q

Breast cancer

A

Infiltrating ductal carcinoma

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19
Q

Breast mass

A

Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)

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20
Q

Breast tumor (benign)

A

Fibroadenoma

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21
Q

Cardiac primary tumor (in kids)

A

Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis

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22
Q

Cardiac manifestation of lupus

A

Libman-Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve)

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23
Q

Cardiac tumor (adults)

A

Metastasis, primary myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium, “ball and valve”)

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24
Q

Cerebellar tonsillar herniation

A

Chiari II malformation

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25
Chronic arrhythmia
Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)
26
Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)
27
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
DES exposure in utero
28
Compression fracture
Osteoporosis (type I: postmenopausal women; type II: elderly man or woman)
29
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension
21-hydroxylase deficiency
30
Congenital cardiac anomaly
VSD
31
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)
32
Constrictive pericarditis
TB (developing world); SLE (developed world)
33
Coronary arter involved in thrombosis
LAD > RCA > LCA
34
Cretinism
Iodine deficit/hypothyroidism
35
Cushing syndrome
- Iatrogenic (from corticosteroid therapy) - Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol) - ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma - Paraneoplastic (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)
36
Cyanosis (early; less common)
Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus
37
Cyanosis (late; more common)
VSD, ASD, PDA
38
Death in CML
Blast crisis
39
Death in SLE
Lupus nephropathy
40
Dementia
Alzheimer disease, vascular dementia (multiple infarcts)
41
Demyelinating disease in young women
Multiple sclerosis
42
DIC
Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery
43
Dietary deficit
Iron
44
Diverticulum in pharynx
Zenker diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)
45
Ejection click
Aortic/pulmonic stenosis
46
Esophageal cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (U.S.)
47
Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)
S. aureus, B. cereus
48
Glomerulonephritis (adults)
Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)
49
Gynecologic malignancy
Endometrial carcinoma (most common in U.S.); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)
50
Heart murmur, congenital
Mitral valve prolapse
51
Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis
Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IVDA)
52
Helminth infection (U.S.)
Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides
53
Hemochromatosis
Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in CHF, "bronze diabetes" and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)
54
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C and with alcoholism)
55
Hereditary bleeding disorder
von Willebrand disease
56
Hereditary harmless jaundice
Gilbert syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
57
HLA-B27
Ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, ulcerative colitis, psoriatic arthritis
58
HLA-DR3 or -DR4
Diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE
59
Holosystolic murmur
VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation
60
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
Virchow triad for venous thrombosis
61
Hypertension, secondary
Renal disease
62
Hypoparathyroidism
Accidental excision during thyroidectomy
63
Hypopituitarism
Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)
64
Infection secondary to blood transfusion
Hepatitis C
65
Infections in chronic granulomatous disease
Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus (catalase +)
66
Intellectual disability
Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome
67
Kidney stones
- Calcium = radiopaque - Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease+ organisms such as Proteus vulgaris or Staphylococcus) - Uric acid = radiolucent
68
Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)
Eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)
69
Liver disease
Alcoholic cirrhosis
70
Lysosomal storage disease
Gaucher disease
71
Male cancer
Prostatic carcinoma
72
Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
Hodgkin lymphoma
73
Malignancy (kids)
ALL, medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
74
Metastases to bone
Prostate, breast > lung > thyroid
75
Metastases to brain
Lung > breast > genitourinary > melanoma > GI
76
Metastases to liver
Colon >> stomach, pancreas
77
Mitochondrial inheritance
Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only
78
Mitral valve stenosis
Rheumatic heart disease
79
Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease
ALS
80
Myocarditis
Coxsackie B
81
Nephrotic syndrome (adults)
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
82
Nephrotic syndrome (kids)
Minimal change disease
83
Neuron migration failure
Kallman syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)
84
Nosocomial pneumonia
Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas
85
Obstruction of male urinary tract
BPH
86
Opening snap
Mitral stenosis
87
Opportunistic infection in AIDS
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
88
Osteomyelitis
S. aureus
89
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease
Salmonella
90
Osteomyelitis with IV drug use
Pseudomonas, S. aureus
91
Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer
Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet-ring cells)
92
Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)
Serous cystadenoma
93
Ovarian tumor (malignant)
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
94
Pancreatitis (acute)
Gallstones, alcohol
95
Pancreatitis (chronic)
Alcohol (adults); CF (kids)
96
Patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML
ALL: child; CLL: adult; AML: adult ~65; CML: adult 30-60
97
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Chlamydia, Gonorrhea
98
Philadelphia chromosome (t[9;22], bcr-abl)
CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML)
99
Pituitary tumor
Prolactinoma, somatotropic "acidophilic" adenoma
100
Primary amenorrhea
Turner syndrome
101
Primary bone tumor (adults)
Multiple myeloma
102
Primary hyperaldosteronism
Adenoma of adrenal cortex
103
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma
104
Primary liver cancer
Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency)
105
Pulmonary hypertension
COPD
106
Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities
Buerger disease (strongly associated with tobacco)
107
Renal tumor
Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH)
108
Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause
Cor pulmonale
109
S3 (protodiastolic gallop)
Increased ventricular filling (left-to-right shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure in CHF)
110
S4 (presystolic gallop)
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
111
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
112
SIADH
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
113
Site of diverticula
Sigmoid colon
114
Sites of atherosclerosis
Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery
115
Stomach cancer
Adenocarcinoma
116
Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)
117
t(14;18)
Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)
118
t(8;14)
Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc activation)
119
t(9;22)
Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl fusion)
120
Temporal arteritis
Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica
121
Testicular tumor
Seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive)
122
Thyroid cancer
Papillary carcinoma
123
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)
Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
124
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)
Neuroblastoma (malignant)
125
Type of Hodgkin
Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
126
Type of non-Hodgkin
Diffuse large cell
127
UTI
E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)
128
Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
HSV-1
129
Vitamin deficiency (U.S.)
Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3- to 4-month supply)

USMLE Step 1 (14 decks)

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