Kevin Young Chapter 4 Flashcards
What is sports crowd violence best understood as?
Acts of verbal or physical aggression (threatened or actual), perpetrated by fans at, or away from, the sports arena that may result in injury to persons or damage to property. Also includes forms of identity violence.
What is the difference between acts of violence among players and crowd violence?
Acts of violence among players is less policed whereas crowd violence has prompted anxious responses from authorities and remains closely policed.
What does hooliganism refer to?
Behaviors such as public drunkeness, threats, obscenity, vandalism, and fighting and assault perpetrated in connection to and in the vicinity of soccer games.
What are the three broad periods of soccer hooliganism?
1) Pre 1980s- Emergence of landscapes of fear
2) 1980s: A crisis period in English (and European) soccer violence
3) After 1980s storm: A post-hooligan utopia.
When did aggressive behaviour by more coordinated fans start to be reported and why was this a problem?
1960s- became difficult to distinguish between what was happening and what was being reported.
What was the idea of “taking the ends” in the 60s and 70s?
Local clubs and their stadiums, and the sections behind the respective goals represented a source of identity, pride, and reputation for young working supporter. Attempts through fighting and physical confrontations to prove dominance by taking the ends of rival supporters.
What happened in the 1980s that represented a pivotal crisis in the history of English soccer?
Fire broke out in 1985, 57 people burned to death and hundreds of fans had been trapped by a fence intended to keep fans from trespassing onto the pitch.
Another wall was bowled over by Liverpool fans which killed 39 mostly Italian fans.
Another mass of liverpool fans were crushed in over crowding situations (Hillsborough, 1989)
What measures were introduced after the 70s and 80s to create a post hooligan utopia?
Identity card schemes, alcohol and travel bans, wanted posters, jail time. Did not stop hooliganism, however did create a time for reflection and change.
What does sociology trace the root causes of crowd violence to?
Social structures and processes (Dunning and colleagues: fault lines such as gender, social class, and jingoism), rather than situational factors (such as alcohol).
What is the ethnogenic approach to hooliganism (social psychological)
Conceptualizes aggression as a means of controlling the social world in the process of achieving certain outcomes. Crowd violence at soccer matches was seen as a cultural adaptation to the working-class environment for male British adolescents- a ritual of teenage aggro.
What are some problems with the ethnogenic approach?
Heavily criticized for representing hooliganism as a ritualistic fantasy of violence when in fact hooliganism has caused injuries and death.
What is the Marxist (social deprivation) approach?
1) Commercialism of the game fractures the formerly rich soccer subculture that weaved it’s way through working class communities- hooliganism as a way to reclaim control
2) An increasing dislocation in working-class communities and the development of an upper working class jungoism exacerbated Britain’s hooliganism problem during Margaret Thatcher’s rule.
Why was Taylors Marxist ideas criticised?
For romanticising any real control working class fans ever exerted over the game in it’s early phases and ignoring early hooligan encounters, and for misidentifying the majority of hooliganf and as upper (and thus more educated and resourceful) working class.
What school of thought did the most recognized approach to British soccer hooliganism emerge from?
The Leicester School- Eric Dunning and Colleagues.
What did Eric Dunning and Colleagues argue using the figurational approach?
Aggressive standards of behaviour displayed by soccer hooligans are directly influenced by the social conditions and values inherent in the class-cultural background of those involved.
