Coakley Chapter 7 Midterm 2 Flashcards
What is gender ideology?
Interrelated ideas and beliefs that are widely used to define masculinity and femininity, identify people in terms of sex and sexuality, and evaluate forms of sexual expression and organize social relationships.
What are the 3 ideas and beliefs of a gender ideology?
1) Human beings are biologically either female or male
2) Heterosexuality is normal, and other expressions of sexual feelings, thoughts, and actions are seen as unnatural and deviant
3) Men are physically stronger and more rational than women; more naturally suited to possess power and assume leadership positions.
What is gender?
What is considered to be masculine or feminine in a society.
What is sex?
Biologically based category, typically assumes male or female and nothing else.
What is an orthodox gender ideology?
Represents the interrelated ideas and beliefs associated with this two-sex approach. Represents a traditional and widely established way of thinking that is viewed as unchanging.
What is homophobia?
A generalized fear or intolerance of anyone who isn’t clearly classifiable as a heterosexual male or female. Due to the acceptance of the two-sex system.
Which gender is more likely to police gender boundaries?
Males- so they can continue being in power
What are gender defenders?
People who defend the dominant status quo
What are gender benders?
People who raise critical issues about gender in society.
How are sports considered male dominated?
Ability and performance qualifications are associated with manhood and men; being qualified in sport means possessing masculine characteristics or performing like a man.
How are sports male identified?
What men value is assumed to be valued in all sports, sports revolve around men and manhood, women in sport and in positions of authority are seen as out of place
How are sports male centred?
Men and men’s lives are the expected focus of attention; few womens sports are represented in sports history, legends, records, events, hall of fame etc.
What were some medical myths told to girls and women about sports participation?
That playing strenuous sports would damage the uterus, make child birth difficult, and produce unfeminine bodies. Also believed that getting hit in the chest with a ball would cause breast cancer.
What was the first women’s team sport that was played in the olympics and when did this happen?
Volleyball in 1964
What team sports were added for women in 1976?
Basketball, team rowing, and team handball
What sport was added for women to the olympics in 1980?
Field hockey
What sports were added to the olympics for women in 1996?
Soccer and softball
What sport was added to the olympics in 1998?
Ice hockey
Why did women refer to themselves as “ladies” instead of invaders when they played sports prior to 1980?
To let men know that they knew their place in sports and would not take resources away from real sports played by men.
What is the feminine apologetic?
If women play something considered to be a mans sport and want people to watch, they must dress appropriately so no one mistakes them for seriously pushing gender boundaries.
What is the reformed apologetic?
Involves proudly displaying assertiveness, toughness, and rightful place in sport at the same time that they communicate femininity through clothes, makeup, accessories etc.
What does it mean when we say sports are a male preserve?
Females have had to negotiate their way into sports and sport spaces and then negotiate further to obtain support and equity.
What is hyperandrogenism?
A condition that exists when women have naturally elevated androgens- thought to be a male hormone even though both men and women have it.
Under what circumstances in the Olympics are women with hyperandrogenism able to compete?
If their testosterone levels were below the normal male range of 10-nanomoles-per-litre. If in the normal range, women can compete if their body is androgen insensitive (doesn’t use androgen).
