Coakley Chapter 7 Midterm 2

Question 1

What is gender ideology?

Answer 1

Interrelated ideas and beliefs that are widely used to define masculinity and femininity, identify people in terms of sex and sexuality, and evaluate forms of sexual expression and organize social relationships.

Question 2

What are the 3 ideas and beliefs of a gender ideology?

Answer 2

1) Human beings are biologically either female or male
2) Heterosexuality is normal, and other expressions of sexual feelings, thoughts, and actions are seen as unnatural and deviant
3) Men are physically stronger and more rational than women; more naturally suited to possess power and assume leadership positions.

Question 3

What is gender?

Answer 3

What is considered to be masculine or feminine in a society.

Question 4

What is sex?

Answer 4

Biologically based category, typically assumes male or female and nothing else.

Question 5

What is an orthodox gender ideology?

Answer 5

Represents the interrelated ideas and beliefs associated with this two-sex approach. Represents a traditional and widely established way of thinking that is viewed as unchanging.

Question 6

What is homophobia?

Answer 6

A generalized fear or intolerance of anyone who isn’t clearly classifiable as a heterosexual male or female. Due to the acceptance of the two-sex system.

Question 7

Which gender is more likely to police gender boundaries?

Answer 7

Males- so they can continue being in power

Question 8

What are gender defenders?

Answer 8

People who defend the dominant status quo

Question 9

What are gender benders?

Answer 9

People who raise critical issues about gender in society.

Question 10

How are sports considered male dominated?

Answer 10

Ability and performance qualifications are associated with manhood and men; being qualified in sport means possessing masculine characteristics or performing like a man.

Question 11

How are sports male identified?

Answer 11

What men value is assumed to be valued in all sports, sports revolve around men and manhood, women in sport and in positions of authority are seen as out of place

Question 12

How are sports male centred?

Answer 12

Men and men’s lives are the expected focus of attention; few womens sports are represented in sports history, legends, records, events, hall of fame etc.

Question 13

What were some medical myths told to girls and women about sports participation?

Answer 13

That playing strenuous sports would damage the uterus, make child birth difficult, and produce unfeminine bodies. Also believed that getting hit in the chest with a ball would cause breast cancer.

Question 14

What was the first women’s team sport that was played in the olympics and when did this happen?

Answer 14

Volleyball in 1964

Question 15

What team sports were added for women in 1976?

Answer 15

Basketball, team rowing, and team handball

Question 16

What sport was added for women to the olympics in 1980?

Answer 16

Field hockey

Question 17

What sports were added to the olympics for women in 1996?

Answer 17

Soccer and softball

Question 18

What sport was added to the olympics in 1998?

Answer 18

Ice hockey

Question 19

Why did women refer to themselves as “ladies” instead of invaders when they played sports prior to 1980?

Answer 19

To let men know that they knew their place in sports and would not take resources away from real sports played by men.

Question 20

What is the feminine apologetic?

Answer 20

If women play something considered to be a mans sport and want people to watch, they must dress appropriately so no one mistakes them for seriously pushing gender boundaries.

Question 21

What is the reformed apologetic?

Answer 21

Involves proudly displaying assertiveness, toughness, and rightful place in sport at the same time that they communicate femininity through clothes, makeup, accessories etc.

Question 22

What does it mean when we say sports are a male preserve?

Answer 22

Females have had to negotiate their way into sports and sport spaces and then negotiate further to obtain support and equity.

Question 23

What is hyperandrogenism?

Answer 23

A condition that exists when women have naturally elevated androgens- thought to be a male hormone even though both men and women have it.

Question 24

Under what circumstances in the Olympics are women with hyperandrogenism able to compete?

Answer 24

If their testosterone levels were below the normal male range of 10-nanomoles-per-litre. If in the normal range, women can compete if their body is androgen insensitive (doesn’t use androgen).

Question 25

What are the 3 major manifestations of intersex in women?

Answer 25

1) Having XX chromosomes and ovaries plus ambigious genitalia (neither male or female)
2) Having XY chromosomes and undescended testes- female develops deeper voice, large clitoris, more defined muscles
3) Having XY chromsomes and internal testes, develop in a normal pattern as a female, may be insensitive to testosterone.

Question 26

What is hegemonic masculinity?

Answer 26

The form of masculinity that is most dominant or has most clout in society.

Sports as a primary site where boys learn the language and meanings of manhood in their social worlds.

Question 27

How was progress towards gender equity evident in the London 2012 olympics?

Answer 27

• No male only sports
• Every nations athletes included women
• US Team had more women than men
• African \american women won a gold medal in all-around gymnastics
• A female Saudi Athlete wore a hijab in Judo.

Question 28

What is the Title IX law?

Answer 28

No person in the US shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.

Question 29

What are the 3 equity tests that Title IX compliance requires?

Answer 29

1) Proportional participation test
2) History of progress test
3) Accomodation of interest test

Question 30

What is the proportional participation test?

Answer 30

Proportion of women on sports teams is similar to the proportion of women enrolled as full-time undergrads

Question 31

What is the history of progress test?

Answer 31

A school can document that it has a clear history and continuing practice of expanding its sports program for female athletes

Question 32

What is the accommodation of interest test?

Answer 32

A school can prove that it has fully and effectively accomodated the sports interests of female students currently enrolled and potential future students.

Question 33

What are the primary areas in sport in which inequalities remain?

Answer 33

Participation, support for athletes, and access to positions of power

Question 34

What are the main barriers to equity that will be encountered when pursuing gender equity in sport?

Answer 34

1) Budgetcuts and privatization
2) Few models of women in positions of power
3) A cultural emphasis on costemtic fitness for women
4) Trivialization of women’s sports
5) Resistance in male-dominated/identified/centred sports organizations.

Question 35

What is the queering of sport?

Answer 35

The process of renegiotiating or eliminating the two-sex system and becoming fully gender inclusive.

Question 36

What are some of the most effective grassroots actions that support gender equity?

Answer 36

1) Confronting discriminatory practices
2) Insiting on fair and open employment practices
3) Keeping a record of equity data
4) Learn and educate others
5) Object to practices and policies that decrease opportunities in sports and inform the media
6) Package and promote women’s sports
7) Recruit female athletes into coaching
8) Use women’s hiring networks
9) Create a supportive work climate.