Coakley Chapter 3 Midterm 2

Question 1

What is socialization?

Answer 1

The process of learning and social development that occurs as we interact with one another and become familiar with the various social worlds in which we live. Active participation.

Question 2

What 3 sets of factors is sports participation related to?

Answer 2

1) A person’s abilities, physical, and psychological characteristics and resources
2) The influence of significant others, including parents, siblings, teachers, peers, and role models.
3) The availability of opportunities to play sports that are personally satisfying.

Question 3

What is physical literacy?

Answer 3

To have the ability, confidence, and desire to be physically active for life.

Question 4

What happens when physical literacy is the primary focus in youth sports?

Answer 4

Serves as a foundation for participating and enjoying elite, competitive, and recreational sports throughout their lives.

Question 5

What do many sports focus on as their main goal currently?

Answer 5

Intensity, competitive success, selective tryouts and year round specialization in a single sport.

Question 6

What is the immediate context in which sport participation is initiated and nurtured?

Answer 6

Families- especially the case in publicly funded sports programs, selectively replaced by fee-based programs.

Question 7

What did Coakley’s study on young people in sports demonstrate about how youth make decisions about sport participation?

Answer 7

1) Their ideas about the connection between sport participation and their own growth and development
2) Their desires to develop and display competence so they could gain recognition and respect
3) Family and peer support
4) Their access to resources needed for participation
5) Their memories and past experiences with physical activity and sport
6) The social and cultural significance of sport in their social worlds.

Question 8

What did Donnelly and Young find in their study on the process through which people become accepted members of specific sports cultures?

Answer 8

Becoming and staying involved in a sport occurs in connection with the process of maintaining and forming an athlete identity through interaction with established participants in the sport.

Question 9

What are the 4 phases of continuing socialization recognized by Donnelly and Young?

Answer 9

1) Aquiring knowledge about the sport
2) Interacting with athletes in the sport
3) Learning how participation occurs and what athletes expect from each other in the sport
4) Becoming recognized and fully accepted as an athlete in the sport culture.

Question 10

What are the 3 causes of burnout in sport?

Answer 10

1) Exhaustion due to intense training and competition
2) A devaluing of sport participation and performance
3) A sense that achieving performance goals and improving performance was not possible.

Question 11

What other factors were found by Hughes that contribute to sport burnout?

Answer 11

Athletes felt they lacked control over their participation and that the demands of sport did not allow them to be anything else in their lives except for football players.

Question 12

What are the four strategies used by skaters to reaffirm their skater identity?

Answer 12

1) Modification
2) Dedication
3) Humor
4) Homage

Question 13

What is modification?

Answer 13

Controlling clothing and presentation of self to accommodate changing bodies and regulating the difficulty of their tricks to match declines in agility

Question 14

What is dedication?

Answer 14

Displayed persistence and enthusiasm during their repeated attempts to perform tricks successfully

Question 15

What is humor?

Answer 15

Presentations of humility and self-deprecation as they attempted difficult tricks that challenged their abilities.

Question 16

WHat is homage?

Answer 16

The way they acknowledge classic tricks, reputations of top skaters, and knowledge of skating events and stories enshrined in skateboard culture.

Question 17

What is a lifestyle sport?

Answer 17

A sport that is enjoyed for its own sake with an emphasis on individual skill development, creativity, playfulness, self-expression, peer support, and cooperative learning. (skateboarding, surfing, snowboarding, mountain and rock climbing etc). Also aren’t restricted to age and ability.

Question 18

What are the six major factors that influence the quality of the transition experience from professional athletes to normal citizens?

Answer 18

1) The centrality and importance of athletic identity
2) Anticipating and preparing for the transition
3) Exploring opportunities and possibilities for future growth and development
4) Being satisfied with athletic performance.
5) Creating strategies for maintaining desired connections with teammates
6) Having social and emotional support systems.

Question 19

What has research suggeted on when retirement transitions are less likely to involve problems?

Answer 19

If sport participation has expanded a person’s identities, relationships, and resources outside of sports.

Question 20

When we assume that all athletes have the same experience in all sports, and that organized sports provide unique experiences not available in other activities, what do we overlook?

Answer 20

1) Sports experiences are diverse
2) Selection processes exist in sports
3) The meanings given to sport experiences vary from person to person
4) People change
5) Relationships and context matter

Question 21

What factors influence positive socialization consequences in sport participation according to Coakley?

Answer 21

1) opportunities to explore and develop identities apart from sports
2) Knowledge building experiences that go beyond the locker room and playing field
3) New relationships, especially mentors and advocates outside of sports
4) Training that shows how lessons learned in sports can be applied to situations unrelated to sports (skills transfer lessons)
5) Opportunities to develop and display competence in non-sport activities.

Question 22

What is the most dominant sport form in wealthy, post-industrial nations?

Answer 22

Power and performance model.

Question 23

How are power and performance sports defined?

Answer 23

Highly organized and compettiive. Use strength, speed, and power to push human limits and achieve success. Proving excellence through competitive success, success as a result of hard work, dedication, and sacrifice. Willing to risk physical well-being. Exclusive tryout processes. Chain of command in which owners and administrators control coaches and coaches control athletes. Competing against opponents and defining them as enemies to be conquered.

Question 24

What factors does the pleasure and participation model emphasize?

Answer 24

Active participation that recolves around coneections between people and integrations of the mind and body. A spirit of personal expression, enjoyment, growth, good health. Personal empowerment created by gaining knowledge about and pleasure from the body. Inclusive processes. Democratic decision making structures. Competitors seen as partners in creating and meeting physical challenges.

Question 25

What did Ivan Waddington conclude were the healthiest of all physical activities?

Answer 25

Rhythmic, noncompetitive exercises in which individuals control and regulate their own body movements. Health benefits decline when there is a shift from self-ctonroleld exercise to competitive sport.

Question 26

Why is competitive sport considered less healthy than self-controlled exercise?

Answer 26

Injury rate in competitive sports are high enough to increase health costs above what is considered average.

Question 27

According to Gramsci, how do fascist and autocratic leaders maintain power?

Answer 27

B convincing people that they goverened 3 things

1) That life was as good as it could be under present conditions
2) That all positive things that people experience were due to the benevolence and power of current leaders
3) That changing leaders threatens everything that people value.

Question 28

What is hegemony?

Answer 28

The process of maintaining leadership and control by gaining consent and approval from those who are being led or controlled.