Kaplan Ch. 8 - Social Processes, Attitudes, And Behavior

Question 1

Social Action

Answer 1

Refers to the fact that humans tend to act differently in groups than when alone, social action is the set of actions and behaviors that are intentionally exhibited in the company of others

Question 2

Social facilitation as it relates to task performance

Answer 2

People tend to perform better on simple tasks in the presence of others and poorer on more complex tasks in the presence of others

Question 3

Deindividuation

Answer 3

Loss of individual identity in a large group because the person feels a sense of anonymity in the group that they don’t feel as an individual

Question 4

What additional behavior can deindividuation lead to?

Answer 4

It can lead an individual to act or behave in a way that is otherwise inconsistent with their normal self

Question 5

Bystander effect:

• individuals do not …
• Effect of size of crowd …
• How relationship of group members effects response

Answer 5

• Individuals do not intervene to help victims when others are present
• The more people are present the less likely they are to intervene
• The less the group of bystanders know each other the slower they will be to respond

Question 6

Social loafing

Answer 6

Tendency of individual to put in less effort when in a group setting than individually

Question 7

What is identity shift effect? What residual effect can it have on the individual?

Answer 7

• When an individual conforms to the norms of the group because the fear social rejection.
• individual shifts internal identity to align with social norms so as to avoid internal conflict

Question 8

Cognitive dissonance

Answer 8

Simultaneous existence of two opposing thoughts or opinions

Question 9

Social Interaction

Answer 9

Explores the ways in which two or more individuals can both shape each other’s behavior

Question 10

Group polarization

Answer 10

Describes the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the individual ideas and inclinations of the members of the group. Choices tend to be either more risky or more cautious.

Question 11

Groupthink

Answer 11

Desire for conformity results in a group of people coming to an incorrect or poor decision

Question 12

Socialization

Answer 12

Process of developing, inheriting, and spreading norms, customs and beliefs that are necessary for inclusion in society

Question 13

Cultural transmission

Answer 13

Manner in which a society socializes its members

Question 14

Cultural diffusion

Answer 14

Spread of norms, customs and beliefs throughout culture

Question 15

How is socialization broken down?

Answer 15

Primary and secondary socialization

Question 16

Primary Socialization

1) When does this occur?
2) What do we learn in this period?
3) How do we learn these things?

Answer 16

1) Childhood
2) Acceptable actions and attitudes
3) Through observation of our parents and other adults close to us

Question 17

Secondary Socialization

1) What do we learn in this period?
2) How do we learn these things?

Answer 17

1) Appropriate behavior in smaller sections of society

2) From peers, co-workers, friends etc. outside the home environment

Question 18

Anticipatory socialization

Answer 18

When a person adapts their behavior and attitude to suit a future endeavor (I.e occupation, life event, relationship, etc.)

Question 19

What is a social norm?

Answer 19

Societal rules that define acceptable behavior (guidelines not law)

Question 20

What are mores?

Answer 20

Social norms that are pervasive in a society

Question 21

Why are social norms useful?

Answer 21

They provide a means of social control

Question 22

What is a social stigma?

Answer 22

Extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences from the norm

Question 23

What is labeling theory (relates to self image)

Answer 23

Labels given to us affect how others respond to us and also how we see ourselves.

Question 24

What is differential association theory as it relates to deviance?

Answer 24

Deviance is learned through interactions with others

Question 25

What is strain theory as it relates to deviance?

Answer 25

States that deviance is a natural disconnect between social goals and social structure

Question 26

Conformity

Answer 26

Matching one’s attitudes, beliefs and behaviors to societal norms, can be due to fear of rejection or other motivations

Question 27

Compliance

Answer 27

Changing your behavior due to a request. The person making the request has no official authority to command this change but is rather using other modes of persuasion to get you to change your behavior.

Question 28

Attitude

Answer 28

Expression of positive or negative feelings toward something / someone

Question 29

What are the 3 components of attitude?

HINT: ABCs

Answer 29

Affective - emotional component
Behavioral - way a person acts toward something
Cognitive - way an individual thinks about something