Kaplan Ch. 10 - Social Thinking Flashcards
What 5 things influence interpersonal attraction?
- physical characteristics (golden ratio)
- similarity, having values/ choices validated, feeling needed
- self disclosure = sharing thoughts, fears, goals etc. with another person and being met without judgement
- reciprocity = feel that the vulnerability you are sharing is being met equally by the other person
- proximity
What is reciprocal liking?
Tendency to like others who have already stated or made it clear that they like us
What is the familiarity effect as it relates to attraction?
People prefer stimuli that they are exposed to more frequently
What is aggression?
Behavior that intends to cause harm or increase social dominance
What biological purposes does aggression serve? (3)
- protection against threats
- gain access to resources
- increased likelihood of passing on genes
How do the amygdala and prefrontal cortex play a role in aggression?
- Amygdala: associates stimuli in environment with potential rewards or punishments, activated amygdala leads to increased aggression
- prefrontal cortex controls the response from the amygdala, helps diminish aggressive response when unnecessary
How is aggression linked to hormonal control?
Increases testosterone = increased aggression
How is an aggressive response dependent on the situation the organism is in?
More likely to respond aggressively if we are already feeling negatively (I.e in pain, hot/sweaty, hungry, etc.)
What are the 4 kinds of attachment possible between a caregiver and a child?
1) secure
2) avoidant
3) ambivalent
4) disorganized
Secure Attachment:
1) Under what conditions will a child exhibit this behavior?
2) Rxn of child at departure of caregiver?
3) Rxn of child to stranger?
1) When child has consistent caregiver and is able to explore the world knowing they have a comfortable base to return to in the caregiver
2) Upset
3) Child will be able to be comforted by stranger but will prefer caregiver
Avoidant Attachment:
1) Under what conditions will a child exhibit this behavior?
2) Rxn of child at departure of caregiver?
3) Rxn of child to stranger?
1) Caregiver has little or no response to distressed child
2) Little to no distress when caregiver leaves or returns
3) No preference between caregiver and stranger
Ambivalent Attachment:
1) Under what conditions will a child exhibit this behavior?
2) Rxn of child at departure of caregiver?
1) Caregiver has inconsistent response to child’s distress and so the child is unable to form a secure base
2) Very distressed upon departure, mixed response upon return
Disorganized Attachment:
1) Under what conditions will a child exhibit this behavior?
2) Rxn of child at departure of caregiver?
3) What this may be a signal of?
1) When caregiver displays erratic behavior and social withdrawal
2) No clear pattern of behavior to absence or presence of caregiver
3) Red flag for abuse
What is social support in general?
What kinds of social support may be given? (5)
Social support = feeling that one is being cared for by social network
- Emotional = empathizing, listening and affirming one’s feelings
- Esteem = affirming the skills/qualities of a person
- Material
- Informational
- Network = gives a person a sense of belonging
What are the psychological and physiological benefits to a strong social support network?
- Psychological: reduces anxiety and depression, reduces major mental disorders, substance abuse, suicidal tendencies
- Physiological: reduces risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, increases immune health
Polygyny
Male had exclusive relationships with multiple females
Polyandry
Female has exclusive relationships with multiple males
Promiscuity
Member of one sex mating with member of opposite sex without exclusivity
What is mate bias?
How picky members of a species are with choosing a mate, purpose is to increase fitness of species
What are the 5 mechanisms of mate choice?
- Phenotypic benefits = mate displays observable traits that make them more attractive
- Sensory bias = mate has developed a trait to match a preference that exists in the population
- Runaway selection = mate displays a sexually desirable trait that has no bearing on survival but is simply deemed desirable and this is more likely to be passed in and perceived as attractive
- Indicator traits = mate displays traits that signal good health
- Genetics = mate has complementary genetics
Altruism
Helping behavior in which person’s intent is to benefit someone else at a cost to themselves
Empathy
Ability to vicariously experience emotions if others, can motivate a person to be altruistic
Game theory
Attempts to explain decision making behavior
How is game theory applied to biological situations?
When a population adopts a specific strategy for evolutionary fitness, natural selection will prevent any alternative strategies from arising so strategies are passed along to next generations. Object of game is to be more fit than competition.
Inclusive fitness
Measure of organisms success in population. Based on # offspring, ability to support offspring, and offspring’s ability to support others.
What is the halo effect?
Tendency to allow general perception of a person to influence more specific evaluations about the person (I.e thinking “I like Judy” and therefore “Judy is a good mother”.)
What is the just world hypothesis?
Good things happen to good people, bad things happen to bad people.
Self serving bias
Individuals attribute successes to internal factors and failures to external factors.
Dispositional attributions
Those that relate to the person whose behavior is being considered.
Situational attribution
Attributions that relate to features of the surroundings
What are the 3 kinds of behavioral cues?
Consensus - assess behavior based on how much a person’s behavior differs from that of others
Consistency - assess behavior based on how consistently a person behaves over time
Distinctiveness - assess behavior based on whether a person displays similar behavior across different scenarios
If a person does something unexpectedly that helps us or hurts us, how are we likely to interpret that action? (I.e. With what kind of attribution)
With dispositional attribution
Fundamental attribution error
People are biased toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational ones. Especially true in negative situations.
Attribute substitution
Individuals simplify complex judgements with simpler solution (or heuristic). Often leads to a misleading or false interpretation.
When does stereotyping occur?
When attitudes and impressions of an individual or group are based on limited and superficial information
How can stereotypes lead to an individual carrying out a self - fulfilling prophecy?
Knowledge of an existing stereotype against an individual in a certain task can lead that individual to perform poorly at the task (due to nervousness or awareness of the stereotype), thus validating the stereotype and completing the self - fulfilling prophecy.
How is stereotype threat related to self - fulfilling prophecy?
Stereotype threat is when people are concerned or anxious about confirming negative stereotypes. This often leads to poor performance and self - handicap and can lead to self - fulfilling prophecy. The degree to which a person feels stereotype threat depends on how strongly they identify with the group being stereotyped.
What is the difference between stereotypes, prejudices and discrimination?
Stereotypes are cognitive
Prejudices are affective (emotional)
Discrimination is behavioral
What is prejudice?
Irrational positive or negative attitude toward a person, group or thing prior to any actual experience with that entity.
How is propaganda related to prejudice?
Large organizations / political groups use propaganda to create prejudice in others
What 3 social factors influence prejudice?
Power - ability of people to achieve goals and exert control over lives
Prestige - level of respect a person gets from others
Class - socioeconomic status
Ethnocentrism
Making judgements about other cultures based on values and beliefs of one’s own culture
In group vs. out group
In group = social group with which an individual identifies and feels belonging
Out group = social group with which individual does not identify
Discrimination
Occurs when prejudicial attitudes cause an individual or a group to be treated differently than others
