Kaplan Ch. 5 - Motivation, Emotion, Stress

Question 1

What is unique about the schachter - singer theory?

Answer 1

Aspect of cognitive appraisal: to feel an emotion, one must consciously analyze the environment in relation to nervous system arousal

Question 2

Left prefrontal cortex associated with ___ emotions, right prefrontal cortex associated with ___ emotions.

Answer 2

Left = positive
Right = negative

Question 3

Emotional memory

Answer 3

Unconscious (implicit) memory, storage of actual feelings of emotions associated w/ event

Question 4

What are the two general classifications of stressors

Answer 4

Distress = occurs when experiencing unpleasant stressors

Eustress = result of positive conditions

Question 5

Opponent Process Theory of motivation

Answer 5

Explains continuous drug use, when a drug is taken repeatedly, the body will attempt to counteract the effects of the drug by changing its physiology

Question 6

What is the James - Lange theory of emotional response?

Answer 6

Stimulus –> Nervous system arousal (physiological response) –> Conscious emotion (emotional response)

Believed that when peripheral organs receive info and respond then the response is labeled an emotion by the brain

Question 7

What is the Lazarus theory of emotional response?

Answer 7

Stimulus –> cognitive appraisal –> emotional response and physiological response simultaneously

Question 8

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex associated with what wrt emotions?

Answer 8

Decision making and controlling emotional responses from amygdala

Question 9

Drives

Answer 9

Internal states of tension that activate particular behaviors focused on goals

Question 10

Primary appraisal of stress and possible outcomes of appraisal

Answer 10

• Initial evaluation of environment and associated threat

- Stress can be classified as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful

Question 11

Expectancy - value theory of motivation

Answer 11

Amount of motivation needed to reach a goal depends on individual’s expectation of success in reaching the goal and degree to which they value succeeding at the goal

Question 12

What three things does secondary appraisal assess?

Answer 12

1) harm caused by the event
2) threat for future damage caused by event
3) challenge/ potential to overcome and benefit from event

Question 13

Drive reduction theory

Answer 13

Motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states

Question 14

What are the 7 universal emotions?

Answer 14

Happiness, Sadness, Contempt, Surprise, Fear, Disgust, Anger

Question 15

What are the 3 elements of emotion?

Answer 15

Physiological response (changes in body temp, heart rate, sweat, etc.), cognitive response (subjective interpretation of feeling being experienced), behavioral response (facial expressions and body language)

Question 16

Incentive Theory of motivation

Answer 16

Behavior is motivated by desire to pursue rewards and to avoid punishments

Question 17

Arousal theory

Answer 17

People perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal

Question 18

How does the hippocampus contribute to emotional experience?

Answer 18

Aids in creating context for stimuli to lead to an emotional experience

Question 19

What is the Cannon - Bard theory of emotional response?

Answer 19

Stimulus –> physiological and emotional response occur simultaneously –> action

Question 20

Arousal

Answer 20

Psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive to stimuli

Question 21

Dorsal prefrontal cortex associated with what wrt emotions?

Answer 21

With attention and cognition

Question 22

Describe the pathway of emotional experience in the brain briefly (involving hippocampus and amygdala)

Answer 22

Emotion –> sensory system transmit info to explicit memory system (conscious, event memory) controlled by hippocampus –> and to implicit memory system (unconscious, skills/tasks) controlled by amygdala

Question 23

What is the secondary appraisal of stress?

Answer 23

Directed at evaluating whether an organism can cope with stress

Question 24

What is the Schachter - Singer theory of emotional response?

Answer 24

Stimulus –> physiological response –> cognitive appraisal –> emotional response

Question 25

What is the instinct theory of motivation?

Answer 25

People are driven to do certain behaviors based on evolutionarily programmed instincts

Question 26

In addition to one’s aggression, the amygdala plays a role in emotional response in the following ways:

1) signals ___ about stimuli related to ___ and ___.
2) Role in analyzing environment
3) Associated w/ which universal emotion and role in interpreting ___?

Answer 26

1) signals cortex about stimuli related to attention and emotions
2) Processes environment, detects external cues and learns from surroundings in order to produce emotions
3) Associated with fear and plays role in interpretation of facial expressions

Question 27

What is the self - determination theory (3 components, need based)?

Answer 27

Emphasizes the role of three universal needs

(1) Autonomy - need to be in control of oneself
(2) Competence - need to excel at different tasks
(3) Relatedness - need to feel accepted and wanted in friendships

Question 28

Secondary drives

Answer 28

Drives not related to biological processes

Question 29

What is an instinct?

Answer 29

An innate, fixed pattern of behavior in response to a stimuli

Question 30

Where is the hippocampus stored?

Answer 30

Within temporal lobe

Question 31

What are Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, from lowest level to highest level?

Answer 31

Physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization

Question 32

Ventral prefrontal cortex associated with what wrt emotions?

Answer 32

Connects region of brain responsible for experiencing emotion

Question 33

What are the 4 primary factors that influence motivation?

Answer 33

Instincts, arousal, drives and needs

Question 34

Primary drives

Answer 34

motivate us to sustain bodily processes

Question 35

When does the secondary appraisal of stress occur?

Answer 35

If primary appraisal deems stress source as a threat