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Biologi psykologi > Kap 2. Struktur og funksjon av nervesystemet > Flashcards

Kap 2. Struktur og funksjon av nervesystemet Flashcards

1
Q

Hvor mange nerve celler er det i menneskers hjerne?

A

omtrent 86 billioner nevroner

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2
Q

Sentral nerve systemet (CNS) består av

A

hjernen og ryggmargen

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3
Q

Annet ord for “receiving cell”

A

the postsynaptic cell

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4
Q

Det perifere nervesystemet består av

A

nerver og det meste av de sensoriske organene (se bilde s. 38)
Det har et somatisk system som responderer til stimuli fra miljøet, og et automatisk system som deles i to. Sympatisk (activation) og parasympatisk (homostasis)

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5
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Fatty substance that provides insulation for the electrical message

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6
Q

Annet ord for “sending cell”

A

the presynaptic cell

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7
Q

Area Postrema

A

part of the brain that controls vomiting

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8
Q

The interior of the neuron (Framework)

A

cytoskeleton

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9
Q

Cytoskeleton består av 3 proteiner. Hva heter de?

A

Microtubules (thinkest) - 13 proteins filaments arranged around a hollow core. Form the “tracks” for axoplasmic transport

Cytoplasm - Semiliquid/jellylike - fills the space surrounded by the membrane - Organelle

Nucleus

se s. 40 figur 2.5

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10
Q

Chromosomes

A

consist of long strands of deoxyribonucleid acid (DNA) and is the recipe for protein
23 par

  • structures made up by a double helix, holding the organism’s DNA sequence.
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11
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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12
Q

Genes

A

responsible for initiating the process of protein synthesis in the cell

segments of DNA encoding for particular proteins

It can be splitted up into nucleotides

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13
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger ribonucleic acid

  • Kopierer informasjon fra genet

which are complementary strands of nucleotides
required for protein synthesis.

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14
Q

The blood – brain barrier

A

A barrier exists betweem the blood and the fluid that surrounds the cells of the brain

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15
Q

The blood - brain barrier is Selectivly permeable. What does that mean?

A

some membrane can pass, some cannot

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16
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Fatty substance that provides insulation for the electrical message (axon)

(White matter)

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17
Q

Astrocytes (CNS)

A
  • star cell
  • fysical support to nevrons and clean up debris of the brain
  • sorounding somatic and dendritic membranes
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18
Q

Phagocytosic

A

the prosess of a astrocyte contact a piece of debris from a dead neuron, they engulf and digest it

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19
Q

Oligodendrocytes (CNS)

A
  • provide support to axons
  • produce the myelin sheath and isluates the axons from eachother
  • one can produce up to 50 segments of myelin
  • “Node of Ranvier”
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20
Q

Microglia (CNS)

A
  • smallest of glia cells
  • act as phagocytes + protecting brain from invading microorganisms (helping immune system)
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21
Q

Schwann Cells (PNS)

A
  • preform same process as oligodendrocytes , but provide myelin for only one axon and the whole cell sorrounds the axon
    + facilitate recovery from injury to neurons
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22
Q

What is the membrane potensial?

A

Most neurons are ca. 70 units, or - 70 mV , more negatively charged inside the axon xomåared to outside. Any difference in charge (postive or negative) agross the membrane is called the membrane potensial.

Its affected by to opposing forces: diffusion and electrostatic pressure

Potensial = stored up energy

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23
Q

Resting potensial

A

The neuron are resting, the membrane potensial remains at -70 mV

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24
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

is when the inside of an axon becomes more negative (from resting potensial) relative to the outside

  • less likely to send a message
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25
Q

Depolarization

A

When the inside of the axon becomes more positive (from resting potensial) relative to the outside

  • more likely to send a message
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26
Q

The action potensial

A

a burt of rapud depolarixation followed by

……

??repolarization??

27
Q

Another world for a “set point” (AP)

A

” threshold of excitation”

28
Q

Diffusion

A

prosessen der molekyler fordeler seg jevnt gjennom mediet de er oppløst i

29
Q

Cations

A

+

30
Q

Electrostatic pressure

A

The force exerted by the repulsion ( + and - tiltrekkes)

31
Q

Anions

A

-

32
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

fluid inside cells

33
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

fluid surrounding cells

34
Q

Sodium (Na + ) - potassium (K + ) transporters

A

molecules that exchange Na+ for K +, pumping three sodium ions for every two potassium ions they pump in

35
Q

Voltage - dependent ion channel

A

channels that only open by changes in the membrane potential.

The sodium channels open first, cause potassium require a greater level of depolarization before they begin to open

36
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Transmission of this message, appearing to jump from node to node.
- speed and economical

37
Q

decremental condution

A

the decrease in the size of the electrical message

38
Q

ligand

A

a chemical that attaches to a binding site

39
Q

dendritic spines

A

small protrusions that stud the dendrites of several types of large neurons on the brain

40
Q

synpatic vesicle

A

small, rounded structures made of membrane and filled with molecules. They are neurotransmitters that are released at the synapse

41
Q

Exocytosis

A

a process where the cell secrets molecules of neurotransmitter.

The membrane-wrapped product migrates to the inside of the outer membrane of the cell, fuses with the membrane, and bursts, spilling its content into the fluid surrounding the cell. neurons communicate with one another by secreting chemicals by this means.

42
Q

fusion pore

A

a hole through both membranes that enables them to fuse together. The prosess of fusion take ca. 0.1 msec

43
Q

3 distinct pools of synaptic vesicles

A
  1. Release-ready vesicles - docked against the inside of the presynaptic membrane, ready to release their contents when an action potensial arrives.
    - kiss and run

Less than 1 % found in the terminal
2. Recycling pool - 10-15 %
- merge and recycle
3. Reserve pool - 85-90 %
- Bulk Endocytosis

44
Q

Endocytosis means ..

A

the process of entering a cell

45
Q

Neurotransmitter-dependent/ligand-gated ion channels

A

chanels that permit the passage of specific ions into or out of the cell

45
Q

Ionotropic receptor

A

An ionotropic receptor is a type of receptor on the cell membrane that, when bound by a neurotransmitter, opens a channel to allow specific ions (such as Na⁺, K⁺, or Cl⁻) to pass through. This ion movement changes the electrical potential of the cell, leading to rapid and direct signaling. Ionotropic receptors are key for quick synaptic responses in the nervous system. Examples include NMDA, AMPA, and GABA receptors, each responsive to specific neurotransmitters and affecting neuron excitability.

46
Q

Metabotropic receptors

A

A metabotropic receptor is a type of cell membrane receptor that, instead of directly opening ion channels, activates a signaling cascade inside the cell through G-proteins and second messengers.

When a neurotransmitter binds to a metabotropic receptor, it triggers intracellular processes that may eventually affect ion channels or other cellular functions.

  • slower, but more complex
47
Q

EPSP

A

Exitatory postsynaptic potential (depolarization)

48
Q

IPSP

A

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (hyperpolarize)

49
Q

Neural integration

A

the interaction of the effects of excitatory and inhibitory synapses on a particular neuron

50
Q

Enzymatic deactivation

A

is accomplished by an enzyme that destroys molecules of the neurotransmitter.

F.eks postsynaptic potentials are terminated in this way for acetylcholine (ACh) and for neurotransmitters that concist of peptide molecyles.

51
Q

Reuptake

A

the postsynaptic potential produces by most neurotransmitters are terminated by reuptake. This process is an extremly rapid removal of neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft ny the terminal button

52
Q

Autoreceptors

A

” self” or “same”
they are part of a negative feedback mechanism that allows presynaptic cells to monitor the amount of neurotransmitters they release into the synapse and adjust the amounts to fine-tune their chemical message.

53
Q

Presynaptic inhibition

A

Effect if the activity of the axoaxonic synapse decreases the release of the neurotransmitter.

54
Q

Presynaptic facilitation

A

Effect, if the activity of the axoaxonic synapse increases the release of the neurotransmitter

55
Q

What is a neuron?

A

Cells specialized for the conduction and transmission of electrical signals in the nervous system

56
Q

Axons

A

Neuronal process that carries the action potential from the nerve cell body to a target

57
Q

Axon hillock

A

Point of the cell that is the site of an action potential`s initiation

58
Q

Dendrite

A

Neuronal process arising from the nerve cell body that receives synaptic input

59
Q

Nucleotides

A

Nucleotides are molecules of genetic code,

in the picture it are the small colored bars that connect the two strings (forelesning)

60
Q

Neural circuits are …

A

the foundation of sensation, perception, movement of behavior.

Arrangement of circuits varies a lot according to function.
But circuitries have always two directions:
- Afferent and Efferent neurons

61
Q

Afferent neurons

A

which are nerve cells that carry information from the periphery towards the brain or spinal cord (or deeper centrally into CNS)

62
Q

Efferent neurons

A

which are the nerve cells that carry information away from
the brain of spinal cord
15

Biologi psykologi (13 decks)

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