Forelesning 4 Flashcards
Vesicles for neuropeptides is called?
Secretory granuler
Cholinergic neuron
Cholinergic neurons are nerve cells that use acetylcholine (ACh) as their primary neurotransmitter to communicate with other cells. These neurons play pivotal roles in both the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), influencing a wide array of physiological functions including muscle activation, memory, and attention.
Receptors
- Inontropic reseptor (nicotin)
- Metabotropic receptor (Muskaronic)
Glutamate
- synthesied in the brain
Glutamite + Glutaminase = Glutamate
- Excitatory
Ion channel-associated (ionotropic)
- NMDA (see example)
- AMPA
- Kainate
= Fast excitatory
G protein-coupled
(Metabotropic )
- Group 1 (slow Excitatory)
- Group 2 (slow inhibiotory, autoreceptors)
- Group 3 ( –II–)
Substantia nigra
Negrostrital pathway
Ventral tegmental area
- Mesostriatal pathway
- Mesocortical pathway
Neuropeptide Oxytocin
social boding, sexual reproduction, childbirth
Neuropeptide Vasopressin
Social behavior, sexual motivation, pair bonding, and maternal responses to stess
Neuropeptide Substance P
percetion of pain
Neuropeptide Endorphins
relive stress and pain, reward
Neuropeptide Insulin
regulating blood sugar levels
Germlayers
Ectoderm (outer layer) (skin)
Mesoderm (middle layer)
Endoderm (inner layer) (internal organs)
“primitive streak”
Gastrulation
- 2 weeks post-fertilization
The process that happens during emborinick development, which changes the embroy from a plasticora with a singular layer of cells to a hastula with a multiple layer of cells.
the process of three multilayered stuctures will be created called germ layers.
Neurolation
- 3-4 weeks post fertilization
- the folding prosess that includes the formation of the neuroplate into a neurotube
Anencephaly
Failer of closerure
Missing part of the brain, front brain and skull
Enceohalocele
Failer of closerure
- bulb in the back of head
Spina bifida
Failer of closerure
- failure of dna …
Prosencephalon
soon to be forebrain
Mesencephalon
soon to be midbrain
Rhombencephalon
soon to be hidbrain
Stages of Neurodevelopment
- Cell birth (Neurogenesis)
- Cell migration
- Cell differentiation
- Cell maturation (dendrite and axon growth)
- Synaptogenesis ( formation of synapses)
- Cell death and synaptic pruning
- Myelogenesis (formation of myelin
Asymmetrical division phase
In cell biology, asymmetrical division refers to a process during which a parent cell divides into two daughter cells that are not identical, either in size, content, or developmental potential. This type of division contrasts with symmetrical division, where the two resulting daughter cells are nearly identical.
Dendritic arborization
Synapse formation and grow dentrites and axons.
neruexins (presyanaptic) and neuroligand (postsynaptic)
People with autism and shcizo has more proteins of there
zygote
inner cell mass
will become hte embroio
Radial glial cell
guide wyiers
- cheese and mouse
Ventricular zone
- Innerst
Developing human neocortex
Subventricular zone
- Developing human neocortex
” inner and outer zone”
outer radial glial xell
Intermediate zone
- Developing human neocortex
Cortical plate
- Ytterst
Developing human neocortex
nerocress cells
Apootosis
celldeath
Synaptic pruning
getting rid of all the extra connectings for having the right amount of connecting
Poly neural innervation
many axons traveling towards the muscle, but their will only be one that will survive and stay.
- the target cell is innovated by serveral axons at first and then during early post netal development the inputs are gradually lost, until there is only one remaning
= synapse elimination
Myelogenesis
- formation of myelin
