Kap 11. Emotion

Question 1

Emotion definition

Answer 1

A conscious mental reaction (such as anger or fear) subjectively experienced as strong feeling usually directed toward a specific object and typically accompanied by physiological and behavioral changes in the body

Question 2

Components of an emotional response

Answer 2

• Behavioral
• Autonomic
• Hormonal

Question 3

Fear- neuroanatomy

Answer 3

• ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC)
• amygdala
• hypothalamus

This neural ciruit makes fear and control

Question 4

Fear - amygdala

Answer 4

ser ut som en mandel

The amygdala has a critical role to play in emotional behavior.
It is especially important in responding to objects or situations that have biological significance:

For example, cues and stimuli that predict good or bad consequences (e.g. pain, food, water, potential mates).

Question 5

What do you know about amygdalas nucleus?

Answer 5

Lateral nucleus and basal nucleus
The lateral nucleus and basal nucleus communicate with each other and send information to parts of the brain important for learning about reward and reinforcing stimuli.

They also send information to the central nucleus, which projects to ‘older’ parts of the brain such as the hypothalamus, midbrain, pons, and medulla.

Question 6

Central nucleus

Answer 6

The central nucleus is essential for responding and learning about aversive and fearful stimuli.

Damage to the central nucleus stops animals showing fear in response to aversive events or conditioned stimuli that have been linked to aversive events.

Question 7

Fear

Answer 7

Fear is a good example of an emotional response as we see that a fearful stimulus produces behavioral, autonomic, and hormonal changes.

Fear has been studied a lot in animals because it produces strong behavioral reactions that are easy to measure.

Key regions of the brain are the amygdala, prefrontal cortex and hypothalamus.

Memories for fearful stimuli can be observed and manipulated in animal studies.

Question 8

Conditioned Emotional Response

Answer 8

Emotional conditioning is the ability to learn about a stimulus and situation that is dangerous or threatening.

This can help the animal to cope with this situation if it happens again.

This process – called a conditioned emotional response – has been widely studied in neuroscience at a behavioral, cellular and synaptic level.

Question 9

Extinction ???

Answer 9

“how long does the mouse show fear?”
- the fear goes away

Extinction of a behavior can be produced by exposure to the conditioend stimulus without the consequence.
Importantly, extinction is not the same as forgetting.

new learning
suppress

Question 10

Engram

Answer 10

• “idea that in our brain we have a trace of a memory and that gives us a memory”

Pattern of activity

Question 11

Aggression

Answer 11

Almost all types of animals engage in aggressive behavior that tend to be species-specific.

Aggressive behavior is often focused on gaining reproductive advantage (access to mates, defend offspring etc.).

Aggression includes threat behaviors, defensive behaviors, submissive behaviors and actual attacks.

Question 12

Agression anotomy neuro

Answer 12

The neurotransmitter serotonin (also called 5HT) is an important modulator of aggression.

low serotoning = high aggresion
high serotoning = low aggresion

REduced serotoning antisocial behavior

Shown in study on rhesus monkeys where monkeys with lowest serotonin were more likely to die because of high levels of aggression and risk-taking.

Question 13

SSRI - Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Answer 13

The role of serotonin in aggression has also been shown in human studies.

Reduced serotonin is associated with aggression and other forms of antisocial behavior such as assault, arson, murder, and child abuse.

SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) are drugs that block the serotonin transporter and lead to increased serotonin in the brain.

SSRIs are commonly used to treat depression but there is also evidence that they can reduce aggression.

Question 14

sex hormones

Answer 14

organizational = duribg development
- pups in vom har mer testoterone under utvikling om de lå med flere gutter (se pp) Dermed mer aggresiv
activational

As aggression is often linked to reproduction, sex hormones have powerful effects on aggressive behavior.
Aggressive behavior is often reduced by decreasing sex hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone.
Sex hormones can have organizational and activational effects.
Organizational = during development
Activational = in adulthood

Question 15

Highl leves of testorone

Answer 15

linked to aggresion not mpt causian

Question 16

What do seretonin in the brain do in impulse control?

Answer 16

low levles of serotonin in PFC= poor impulse control

Question 17

Recognition

Answer 17

rapid, automatic and accurate

Question 18

interaception

Answer 18

information we get from our body both concious/unconscuis

feedback
(mirror neuron) (empaty

• magefølelse
• hjerterytme

Question 19

James lange theory

Answer 19

meant that interaception you get from your body is important and produces feeling of emotion. imporant signal

feedback from brain is the one produces feelings of emotion

se pp

how important is body for emotion. se james lange forsøk på folk med skade i rygg.

Question 20

Pure word deafness

Answer 20

Cannot comprehend the meaning of speech but has no difficulty identifying the emotions being expressed by its intonation.

caused by damage to left temporal cortex.

Question 21

Affective blindsight

Answer 21

the ability to recognize facial expressions of emotion even though they have no conscious awareness of looking at a person’s face.

Question 22

The visual cortex receives information from two systems of neurons. Name and explain

Answer 22

The magnocellular system (dorsal): provides information of movement, depth and very subtle differences in brightness
- The amygdala receives visual information from the magnocellular system (which conducts information very rapidly).

The parvocellular system (ventral): provides us with color vision and detection of fine details).
- The fusi-form face area receives information primarily from the parvocellular system.

Question 23

Moebius syndrome

Answer 23

caused by defective development of nerves involved in the movement of facial muscles. They also have difficulty recognizing the emotional expressions of other people.

Question 24

Volitional facial paresis

Answer 24

caused by damage to the face region of the primary motor cortex or to the fibers connecting this region with the motor nucleus of the facial nerve. Controls the facial muscles

Patients with this condition cannot voluntarily move the facial muscles, nut will express genuine emotion with those muscles

Question 25

Emotional facial paresis

Answer 25

caused by damage to the insular region of the prefrontal cortex, to the white matter of the frontal lobe, or to parts of the thalamus

People with this disorder can move their face muscles voluntarily but do not express emotions on the affected side of the face

Question 26

tell me about the right hemisphere and emotion.

Answer 26

When people show emotions with their facial muscles, the left side of the face usually makes a more intense expression. Because motor control is contralateral, results suggests that the right hemisphere is more expressive than the left.

Left hemisphere lesions do not usually impair vocal expressions of emotions

Right hemisphere lesions do impair expression of emotion, both facially and by tone of voice

Question 27

Several studies have investigated the brain mechanism involved in laughter, and expression of emotion more intense than smiling. What have they found out?

Answer 27

Damage to the right vmPFC impaired people’s ability to understand and to be amused by jokes. A study found out that different types of jokes activated different regions of the brain, but all of them activated one region – the right vmPFC.

The anterior cingulate gyrus appears to play a role in the motor aspects of laughter, while the appreciation of humor appears to involve the right vmPFC. Genuine expressions of emotion are controlled by special neural circuits.