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RIQ > JX 103 Weather Hazards > Flashcards

JX 103 Weather Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

Define turbulence

A

Irregular or disturbed atmospheric flow producing gusts and/or eddies

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2
Q

What is the “intensity” classifications for turbulence

A

Light, moderate, Severe, and extreme

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3
Q

Characteristics of light turbulence

A
  • Momentary “slight” erratic changes with altitude, attitude, pitch, roll, yaw.
  • “slight” strain against seatbelt and shoulder straps
  • Unsecured objects displaced “slightly”
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4
Q

Characteristics of moderate turbulence

A
  • “larger changes in altitude and or attitude”
  • Variations on indicated airspeed
  • definite strain against seat belts and should straps
  • Unsecured objects dislodged
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5
Q

Characteristics of severe turbulence

A
  • “large abrupt changes in altitude/attitude
  • “large” variations in indicated airspeed
  • Unsecured objects tossed around
  • aircraft may be momentarily out of control
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6
Q

Characteristics of extreme turbulence

A
  • Aircraft “violently” tossed around
  • control difficult or impossible
  • Possible structural damage
  • declare emergency
  • Exit area ASAP
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7
Q

What are the durations or Turbulence?

A

Occasional, intermittent, continuous

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8
Q

How long is occasional turbulence?

A

less than 1/3 of the time

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9
Q

How long is intermittent turbulence?

A

1/3 to 2/3 of the time

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10
Q

How long is continuous turbulence?

A

more than 2/3 of the time

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11
Q

What are the classifications of turbulence by causative factors?

A

Thermal, mechanical, frontal, wind shear

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12
Q

Describe clear air turbulence (CAT)

A
  • not associated with clouds or convective activity
  • usually in a jet stream (more severe there)
  • Any of the four classifications can be CAT
  • Wind shear is almost always CAT
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13
Q

Describe thermal turbulence

A
  • Also called convective turbulence
  • Vertical air movement
    • -Result of heating from below
      • – Solar heating
      • – Cold air moving over warmer air
      • Strength depends on what type of surface
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14
Q

Describe Mechanical turbulence

A
  • Caused by passage of wind over obstructions, such as buildings or irregular terrain/mountains
  • Strength and magnitude are dependent on wind speed, Roughness of terrain, and stability of air
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15
Q

Describe mountain waves

A
  • Strong winds blowing perpendicular to a mountain range
  • Form standing waves
  • Turbulence can be in clear air as well as in clouds
  • Clouds best way to determine if turbulence is present
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16
Q

What is a rotor cloud?

A
  • Form downwind from and parallel to mountain range
  • Cylindrical shape
  • Downward flow has been known to reach the ground
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17
Q

What are Cap clouds?

A
  • Cover the top of the mountain

- Remain stationary

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18
Q

What are Lenticular clouds?

A
  • For on leeward side of mountain from standing waves
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19
Q

Local intensities of turbulence from a mountain (proximity and intenisty)

A

50 knots wind at altitude of peak - Extreme turbulence
Up to 150 miles downwind - Severe turbulence
Up to 300 miles downwind - Moderate turbulence

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20
Q

Considerations on avoiding mountain wave turbulence

A
  • Circumnavigate if possible
  • Fly 50% higher than peak
  • Avoid rotor, cap, and lenticular clouds
  • Approach mountain at 45 degree angle
  • Avoid strong downdrafts on leeward side of mountain
  • Pressure changes affect pitot-static system
  • fly recommended turbulent air penetration speed
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21
Q

Describe Frontal turbulence

A
  • Caused by warm air lifted by cold front
  • most severe in fast-moving fronts
  • usually no turbulence is warm fronts due to little or no lifting
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22
Q

What is wind shear turbulence and characteristics?

A
  • sudden changes in wind speed or direction over short distance, vertically or horizontally
  • generally occurs in clear air and the greater the change the more severe the turbulence
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23
Q

Three types of wind shear

A
  • Jet streams
  • gusty winds
  • temperature inversion
    • Land/ sea breezes, mountain winds, and thunderstorms also produce wind shear
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24
Q

Describe a Jet stream (wind shear)

A
  • Rapid change of wind speed short distance from the core
  • vertical shear more significant than horizontal
  • exit by turning south or changing altitude
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25
Q

Describe gusty winds (wind shear)

A

Gusty winds at low levels can create problems during approach or landing/takeoff

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26
Q

Describe temperature inversion (wind shear)

A
  • Extreme wind shear turbulence may be formed when strong temperature inversions exists near ground
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27
Q

What are the turbulent procedures?

A
  • Maintain PCl setting consistent with desired turbulent air penetration airspeed
  • Trim aircraft for level flight
  • Do not chase airspeed deviations with power corrections
  • Do not chase altimeter
  • maintain pitch and bank by reference the attitude indicator
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28
Q

What are the two types of icing?

A
  • Structural icing

- Engine Icing

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29
Q

Types of structural icing

A
  • Clear
  • Rime
  • Mixed
  • Frost
30
Q

Types of Engine icing

A
  • compressor icing

- induction icing

31
Q

Icing requirements

A
  • Visible moisture
    • super cooled water droplets
  • – liquid water at air temperatures below freezing
  • – clouds most common
  • free air temperature and aircraft surfaces below freezing
32
Q

Description of clear icing

A
  • Found at temperatures between 0 and -10 degrees celcius
  • large water droplets freeze slowly, spreading out and assuming shape of airfoil
  • found in cumulous clouds : unstable conditions
33
Q

description of rime icing

A
  • found at temperature between -10 and -20 degrees celcius
  • small water droplets free instantaneously, retaining shape
  • air bubbles do not escape, causing opaque ( milky white ) color and brittleness
  • found in stratiform clouds : stable conditions
34
Q

description of mixed icing

A
  • combination of clear and rime
  • most common
  • found at temperatures between -8 and -15 degrees celcius
  • lumpy (like rime) but hard and dense (like clear)
35
Q

description of frost

A
  • occurs on clear calm nights
  • lack of clouds promotes radiation cooling
  • little or no wind allows moisture to deposit ice crystals (deposition)
  • may also form in flight when descending from below freezing temperatures into high humidity
  • does not add weight, but still disrupts boundary layer airflow over the winds, increasing stall speed
36
Q

Characteristics of Frontal icing - Warm Front

A
  • Stratiform clouds
  • rime icing
  • low rate of accumulation
  • widespread area of icing
37
Q

Characteristics of Frontal icing - Cold Front

A
  • Cumuliform clouds
  • Clear icing
  • High rate of accumulation
  • Limited area of icing
38
Q

Characteristics of Frontal icing - Occuluded Front

A
  • Mixed clouds of stratus and cumulus
  • mixed icing (rime, clear, and mixed)
  • rapid and heavy accumulation
  • very widespread area of icing
39
Q

Aerodynamic effects of icing

A

Alters shape of airfoil, changing the stall angle of attack (most hazardous)

40
Q

Performance effects of icing

A
  • Decreases lift, thrust and range

- Increases drag, weight, fuel consumption, and stall speed (can not be predicted)

41
Q

Other effects of icing other than performance

A
  • Pitot static system will have faulty instrument indications
  • inhibits control surfaces and antenna transmissions
42
Q

Description of induction icing

A
  • also known as inlet icing
  • clear skies and above freezing temperatures
  • usually happens on taxi and departure
43
Q

How does induction icing work?

A

Lowers temperature, condensation performs, then icing occurs from the water molecules being cooled.
- High probability with air temperatures +10 degrees celcius or less and high relative humidity

44
Q

What is Compressor icing?

A
  • forms on compressor inlet guide vanes

- both induction and compressor icing restrict airflow and could FOD engine

45
Q

Two options to avoid icing

A

Climb or descend

46
Q

What will climbing to avoid icing do?

A
  • Out of visible moisture to a colder temperature, which allows you to get to frozen moisture (not a hazard).
  • Could also be warmer if an inversion is present or below a warm front
47
Q

What will descending to avoid icing do?

A

Out of visible moisture, below freezing levels, but if visible moisture or freezing level on surface, the descending is not an option

48
Q

What is anti-ice?

A

PREVENTS ice

49
Q

What is De-icing?

A

REMOVES existing ice

50
Q

Three types of anti-ice/de-ice equipment

A

Fluid, mechanical, and heat

51
Q

What does fluid anti/de icing equipment do?

A
  • lowers freezing point of water
  • ground fluids sprayed on aircraft
    • Could be inflight
52
Q

What does mechanical anti/de icing equipment do?

A

It is rubber blabbers (expands and contracts)

- most common on thicccc winged aircraft

53
Q

What does heat anti/de icing equipment do?

A

Could be electrically heated or hot air bled off from engine to melt ice

54
Q

What are the four types of Icing intensities?

A

Trace, light, moderate, severe

55
Q

Characteristics of Trace icing

A
  • ice becomes perceptible
  • rate of accumulation slightly greater than sublimation
  • de-icing/anti-icing not used unless encountered for long time
56
Q

Characteristics of light icing

A
  • Rate of accumulation can be a problem over an extended time (over 1 hour)
  • Occasional use of anti icing equipment prevents accumulation (not a problem if equipment is used)
57
Q

Characteristics of moderate icing

A
  • Rate of accumulation potentially hazardous (even for short encounters)
  • de icing equipment used or diversion if necessary
58
Q

Characteristics of severe icing

A
  • Rate of accumulation extreme
  • de icing equipment fails to remove
  • immediate diversion necessary
59
Q

What is flight visibility?

A

Average forward horizontal distance from cockpit

-measured in statute miles

60
Q

What is prevailing visibility?

A

Greatest horizontal visibility

  • Equaled or exceeded throughout over half of horizon circle
  • measured in statute miles
  • does not need to be continuous
61
Q

What is Slant Range visibility?

A

Distance on final approach at which runway environment is in sight.

  • must be reported on a PIREP
  • can be estimated by meteorologists
  • indicates when an aircraft will breakout on final
62
Q

What is Runway visual range (RVR) ?

A

Horizontal distance seen by looking down the runway

- reported in meters or hundred of feet

63
Q

What is obscuring phenomena?

A

When visibility is obscured and reduced to less than 6 miles

64
Q

What are the types of obscuring phenomena?

A

Fog, Haze, Smoke, Rain/drizzle, snow, and blowing snow/dust/sand

65
Q

When is vertical visibility (VV) used ?

A
  • When sky is totally hidden
  • base within 50 feet of surface
  • also referred to as the indefinite ceiling
66
Q

What is the definition of fog?

A

Visible layer of condensed moisture which reduces visibility to less than 5/8 mile

67
Q

What are the two types of fog?

A

Radiation and advection

68
Q

requirements for the formation of fog

A
  • condensation nuclei
  • high moisture content
  • small temperature/dew point spread
  • light surface winds
69
Q

What is radiation fog?

A

caused by nocturnal radiation cooling

  • depends on surface composition, vegetation, cloud coverage, ceiling, and light winds
  • dissipation begins as sun warms surface
70
Q

What is advection fog?

A

Warm moist air moves over cool surface

  • at or near saturation
  • usually forms over water
  • -brought inland by winds
  • very thick layer
    • only winds can get rid of it

RIQ (20 decks)

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