Joyce

Question 1

PAYM: genre

Answer 1

Kunstlerroman

Question 2

PAYM: narrative style

Answer 2

Free indirect discourse (as opposed to omniscient 3rd person of Stephen Hero)

Question 3

PAYM: diction

Answer 3

The childhood of Stephen Dedalus is recounted using vocabulary that changes as he grows, in a voice not his own but sensitive to his feelings.
o Cf. The Waves and Autobiography of Red

Question 4

PAYM: Jesuit schools

Answer 4

corporeal punishment; mortification of the flesh

Question 5

PAYM: plot, Belvedere

Answer 5

Stephen gets a grant so he can attend Belvedere College, where he excels. Starts whoring; more distanced from father

Question 6

PAYM: plot, class retreat

Answer 6

Class goes on religious retreat, sermons on pride, guilt, punishment, and Four Last Things. Stephen’s conversion.

Question 7

PAYM: “Last four things”

Answer 7

death, judgment, Hell, and Heaven (class religious retreat sermon)

Question 8

PAYM: Stephen’s conversion

Answer 8

After class retreat. Repents, ascetic self-punishment & joy; this eventually turns into routine.

Question 9

PAYM: Stephen’s devotion comes to the attention

Answer 9

of the Jesuits and they encourage him to consider entering the priesthood. He considers, but has crisis of faith due to conflict between spiritual beliefs and aesthetic ambitions.

Question 10

PAYM: Dollymount Strand

Answer 10

Along Dollymount Strand he spots a girl wading, and has an epiphany in which he is overcome with the desire to find a way to express her beauty in his writing.

Question 11

PAYM: Moment of converting back to aestheticism

Answer 11

Dollymount Strand

Question 12

PAYM: As student of University College, Dublin,

Answer 12

Stephen grows wary of all institutions: Church, school, politics, family.

Question 13

PAYM: Stephen concludes of Ireland that it is… (so he does what?)

Answer 13

too narrow for his artistic expression; self-imposed exile; but he is determined to forge the uncreated conscience of his “race” (Ireland).

Question 14

PAYM: Stephen Dedalus

Answer 14

Growing up, goes through long phases of hedonism and deep religiosity. Eventually adopts aestheticism—beauty, art. Joyce’s alter ego, mirrored events from Joyce’s youth. Greek mythical figure Daedalus—craftsman who also engaged in struggle for autonomy.

Question 15

PAYM: Simon Dedalus

Answer 15

Stephen’s father, impoverished former medical student, strong Irish nationalism. Sentimental about his past, frequently reminisces about his youth. Loosely based on Joyce’s own father and their relationship.

Question 16

PAYM: Mary Dedalus

Answer 16

Stephen’s mother who is very religious and often argues with Stephen about attending services

Question 17

PAYM: Emma Clery

Answer 17

Stephen’s beloved, the young girl to whom he is fiercely attracted over the course of many years. Stephen constructs Emma as an ideal of femininity, even though (or because) he does not know her well.

Question 18

PAYM: Charles Stewart Parnell (in the novel)

Answer 18

An Irish political leader who is not an actual character in the novel, but whose death influences many of its characters. Parnell had powerfully led the Irish Parliamentary Party until he was driven out of public life after his affair with a married woman was exposed.

Question 19

PAYM: Cranly

Answer 19

Stephen’s best friend at university, in whom he confides. A secular confessor for Stephen. Eventually begins to encourage Stephen to conform to wishes of his family and to try harder to fit in with his peers, advice Stephen fiercely resents. Towards the conclusion of the novel he bears witness to Stephen’s exposition of his aesthetic philosophy. It is partly due to Cranly that Stephen decides to leave, after witnessing Cranly’s budding (and reciprocated) romantic interest in Emma

Question 20

PAYM: Dante (Mrs. Riordan)

Answer 20

The governess of the Dedalus children. She is very intense and a dedicated Catholic

Question 21

PAYM: Lynch

Answer 21

Stephen’s friend from university who has a rather dry personality

Question 22

PAYM: mnscrpt, original conception of the idea for the book

Answer 22

Starts out as Stephen Hero, a realist work—abandoned and largely reworked in PAYM

Question 23

PAYM: mnscrpt, where/when published

Answer 23

The Egoist over 25 instalments from 1914-15.

Question 24

PAYM: mnscrpt, story of acceptance for publication

Answer 24

In 1913 Yeats recommended Joyce’s work to Pound; Pound wrote Joyce; Joyce sent 1st chapter of PAYM; Pound advocated and it appeared in The Egoist

Question 25

PAYM: what is The Egoist

Answer 25

London literary magazine, pub’d important early modernist poetry and fiction. Manifesto claimed to “recognize no taboos.” Also published parts of Ulysses; Pound helps PAYM get published here.

Question 26

PAYM: Charles Stewart Parnell (in history)

Answer 26

Charles Stewart Parnell: Irish nationalist politician and major figure in British House of Commons in 1880’s. Leads Irish Parliamentary Party until driven out following love affair. His death impacts characters.

Question 27

PAYM: quote the first line

Answer 27

“Once upon a time and a very good time it was… moocow…” etc.

Question 28

PAYM: quote Stephen’s resolution just before the end of the book

Answer 28

“I go to encounter for the millionth time the reality of experience and to forge in the smithy of my soul the uncreated conscience of my race.”

Question 29

PAYM: autobiography, art, life (talking point)

Answer 29

as both recording and shaping: though days may pass between his entries, a new entry often starts by referencing the previous (or some previous) entry. Sometimes this becomes theme in the new entry, such as the crocodile bred out of the Nilemud. We see representation or expression of new experiences and emotions being affected by past representations, watching consciousness or ideology being formed by a fusion of art and life.

Question 30

PAYM: expiation, art (talking point)

Answer 30

art as a continuing form of expiation for Stephen. Not simply a replacement for the blessings of religion, as many had already argued by Joyce’s time (see even Arnold), but as a replacement for the punishment and guilt of religion. Some irony, therefore, in the implicit tone of liberation in his concluding entries.

Question 31

PAYM, Joyce, or Modernism generally: Ulysses, epic (talking point)

Answer 31

Ulysses and the evolution of Pope’s baroque, much-in-little style in Rape of the Lock. Here, too, an epic is compressed. And there’s a connection—a similar evocation of diminished importance. The little bibles and files of pins have become Bloom’s little thoughts and files of half-conscious impulses.

Question 32

PAYM: give headings for talking points

Answer 32

1. Autiobio, art, & life
2. Art as new form of expiation
3. Ulysses, epic, & Pope