Brit: 1500-1688

Question 1

When did Leonardo da Vinci paint the Mona Lisa?

Answer 1

Ca. 1504

Question 2

When did Michaelangelo paint the Sistine Chapel ceiling?

Answer 2

1508-12

Question 3

What year does Henry VII die, and Henry VIII assume the throne?

Answer 3

1509

Question 4

Praise of Folly was written by what “humanist” thinker, and in what year?

Answer 4

Desiderius Erasmus; 1511

Question 5

What year was James IV of Scotland killed at the Battle of Flodden, and succeeded by James V?

Answer 5

1513

Question 6

In what year did Thomas More write Utopia?

Answer 6

1516

Question 7

In what year did Ludovico Ariosto write Orlando furioso?

Answer 7

1516

Question 8

In what year did Martin Luther write his Ninety-Five Theses, beginning the Reformation in Germany?

Answer 8

1517

Question 9

When does John Skelton write “The Tunning of Elinour Rumming”?

Answer 9

Ca. 1517

Question 10

In what year does Cortes invade Mexico, and Magellen begin his voyage around the world?

Answer 10

1519

Question 11

In what year does Pope Leo X name Henry VIII “Defender of the Faith”?

Answer 11

1521

Question 12

When are Thomas Wyatt’s poems circulating in manuscript?

Answer 12

1520s-30s

Question 13

In what year does William Tyndale produce his English translation of the New Testament?

Answer 13

1525

Question 14

What year does Baldassare Castiglione write The Courtier?

Answer 14

1528

Question 15

During what years is Thomas More Lord Chancelor?

Answer 15

1529-32

Question 16

Henry VIII divorce Catherine of Aragon to marry Anne Boleyn; Elizabeth I is born; Henry Declares himself head of the Church of England. When do these events happen?

Answer 16

1532-34

Question 17

What year does Nicolo Machiavelli write The Prince?

Answer 17

1532

Question 18

What year is Thomas More beheaded?

Answer 18

1535

Question 19

What year is Calvin’s theocracy established at Geneva?

Answer 19

1537

Question 20

What year does John Calvin write The Institution of Christian Religion?

Answer 20

1537

Question 21

What year witness the Roman Inquisition?

Answer 21

1542

Question 22

What year does James V of Scotland die, succeeded by infant daughter Mary?

Answer 22

1542

Question 23

When does Copernicus write On the Revolution of the Spheres?

Answer 23

1543

Question 24

What year does Henry VIII die, and (Protestant) Edward VI accede to the throne?

Answer 24

1547

Question 25

What year does the Book of Homilies appear?

Answer 25

1547

Question 26

What year does the Book of Common Prayer appear?

Answer 26

1549

Question 27

What year does Edward VI die?

Answer 27

1553

Question 28

In 1553, after the death of Edward VI, an attempt was made to put someone on the throne; who was it, and what was the person’s religious affiliation?

Answer 28

1553

Question 29

What year does Catholic Queen Mary, daughter of Catherine of Aragon, accede to the throne?

Answer 29

1553

Question 30

When are Archbishop Cranmer and former bishops Latimer and Ridley burned at the stake?

Answer 30

1555-56

Question 31

When does Tottel’s Songs and Sonnets appear (printing poems by Wyatt, Surrey, and others)?

Answer 31

1557

Question 32

What year does Queen Mary die, succeeded by Protestant Elizabeth I?

Answer 32

1558

Question 33

When does John Foxe’s Acts and Monuments appear?

Answer 33

1563

Question 34

When is Thomas Norton and Thomas Sackville’s play, Gorboduc, first acted? What is the play’s distinguishing feature?

Answer 34

1561; it’s the first English blank-verse tragedy

Question 35

When does Arthur Golding translate Ovid’s Metamorphoses?

Answer 35

1567

Question 36

When is Mary, Queen of Scots, forced to abdicate, succeeded by her son James VI, and is then imprisoned in England?

Answer 36

1567-68

Question 37

What year is Elizabeth I excommunicated by Pope Pius V?

Answer 37

1570

Question 38

What year does the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre of French Protestants occur?

Answer 38

1572

Question 39

What year is James Burbage’s playhouse, The Theater, built in London?

Answer 39

1576

Question 40

When does Drake’s circumnavigation of the globe occur?

Answer 40

1577-80

Question 41

When does John Lyly write Euphues?

Answer 41

1578

Question 42

When does Edmund Spenser write The Shepheardes Calender?

Answer 42

1579

Question 43

When does Montaigne write his Essais?

Answer 43

1580

Question 44

What year is the Irish rebellion crushed?

Answer 44

1583

Question 45

When does Sir Walter Raleigh make his earliest attempts to colonize Virginia?

Answer 45

1584-87

Question 46

When is Mary, Queen of Scots, tried for treason and executed?

Answer 46

1586-87

Question 47

When is Marlowe’s Tamburlaine being acted?

Answer 47

1587-90

Question 48

When is Shakespeare beginning his career as an actor and playwright?

Answer 48

1587-90

Question 49

What is the Spanish Armada’s failed invasion?

Answer 49

1588

Question 50

When does Sir Philip Sydney write Arcadia? (Note: it isn’t published until after his death)

Answer 50

1590

Question 51

When does Spenser write books 1-3 of the Faerie Queene?

Answer 51

1590

Question 52

When does Sidney write Astrophil and Stella?

Answer 52

1591

Question 53

When are John Donne’s earliest poems circulating in manuscript?

Answer 53

Ca. 1592

Question 54

When is Sidney’s The Defense of Poesy published?

Answer 54

1595

Question 55

When is Raleigh’s voyage to Guiana?

Answer 55

1595

Question 56

When does Spenser write Books 4-6 of The Faerie Queene?

Answer 56

1596

Question 57

When does Ben Jonson write Every Man in His Humor?

Answer 57

1598

Question 58

What year does the Glob Theater open?

Answer 58

1599

Question 59

What year does Elizabeth I die, succeed by James VI of Scotland (as James I), inaugurating the Stuart dynasty?

Answer 59

1603

Question 60

When does the English language really begin to take on prestige?

Answer 60

End of 16th century

Question 61

When is the reign of the Tudor dynasty? It is followed by what dynasty?

Answer 61

1485-1603; Stewart

Question 62

The 16th century witnessed the consolidation of the English state as well as the development of the language. Such improvements would have been difficult in the decades before the Tudor dynasty. What is the most(?) obvious reason for this?

Answer 62

The Wars of the Roses, vicious and decades long (1455-85) had damaged the social and economic health of the nation.

Question 63

Name two factors that allowed Henry VII to counter the multiple and competing power structures characteristic of feudal society and develop a much stronger central authority?

Answer 63

1. The Wars of the Roses had left England’s barons impoverished and divided, and could not effectively oppose the Crown. 2. The leaders of the Church also generally supported royal power.

Question 64

The court was a center of power and also culture, shaping the taste and imagination of the country. Why, in Tudor England, were power and culture so inseparable?

Answer 64

“In a society with no freedom of speech as we understand it and with relatively limited means of mass communication, important public issues were often aired indirectly, through . . . entertainment, and lyrics that to us seem slight and nonchalant could serve as carefully designed manifestations of rhetorical agility by aspiring courtiers.” (Norton 533).

Question 65

For advice on the cultivation and display of the self, Tudor courtiers could resort to what influential guide? Who wrote this guide, and around when?

Answer 65

Il Cortegiano (The Courtier); Baldassare Castiglione; 1528

Question 66

Why were Tudor courtiers so adept at crafting and deciphering graceful words with double or triple meanings?

Answer 66

The anxious court atmosphere required politically sophisticated speech, requiring diplomacy and caution alongside the usual need for effective communication.

Question 67

If court culture fostered performances for a small coterie audience, other forces in Tudor England pulled toward a more public sphere. What are some of these developments in public life?

Answer 67

Markets expanding; international trade flourishing; the rapid growth of cities across the realm

Question 68

During what 30-year span did London’s population soar from 60,000 to 120,000

Answer 68

1520-50 (a century later, the number was 375,000)

Question 69

What developments may have facilitated a shift in the activity of reading, from a primarily public to a primarily private activity? When do these events occur?

Answer 69

Caxton’s press in 1476; Protestantism’s encouragement of a personal interaction with the Bible; the process begins in the 15th but flourishes in the 16th century.

Question 70

What caused the adoption of print (after Caxton) to be less sudden and more gradual than many people today assume it was?

Answer 70

Manuscripts retained considerable prestige among the elite: well into the 17th century, court poets were wary of the “stigma of print” that might mark their verse as less exclusive. Caxton generally printed books that were more medieval than modern (even if just in tone).

Question 71

The Italian Renaissance was stimulated by the recovery of texts and artifacts from classical antiquity, and the development of new techniques (like linear perspective) and new aesthetic principles based on classical models. What kind of cultural changes did this help inaugurate?

Answer 71

New ideas about society, politics, and economics began to displace the spiritual values of the Middle Ages. The achievements of the pagan philosophers of ancient Greece and Rome came to seem more compelling than subtle distinctions of Christian theologians. Instead of the submission of the human spirit to penitential discipline, there was new curiosity, individual self-assertion, and the conviction that man was the measure of all things. According to Renaissance values, the human was often seen as a self-molder.

Question 72

When, and under what conditions, did the Italian Renaissance begin to affect English culture?

Answer 72

Only beginning with the reign of Henry VIII was England stable enough for cultural growth. 15th and 16th century English clerics and government officials had journeyed to Italy and seen the flowering there.

Question 73

The Italian Renaissance and its counterpart flowering in England share many ideals. What is different about the forms in which these ideals are expressed, between the two countries?

Answer 73

Italian Renaissance occurs primarily in painting, sculpture, and architecture. In England, the ideals are much more evident in the blossoming intellectual program and literary vision known as humanism.

Question 74

Erasmus, More, and other humanists attacked the narrowness and hair-splitting of scholastic philosophers. In particular, they objected to scholastics’ rigid adherence to what philosopher?

Answer 74

Aristotle

Question 75

John Colet, Sir Thomas Elyot, and Roger Ascham all belonged to what philosophical and aesthetic movement?

Answer 75

Humanism

Question 76

English intellectuals like William Gilbert, William Harvey, Francis Bacon, and continental intellectuals like Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, and Andreas Vesalius all had in common what pan-European medium?

Answer 76

Latin

Question 77

What type of literary contributions were made by Sir Thomas Hoby, Sir John Harington, and John Florio?

Answer 77

They translated important works into English. Sir Thomas Hoby > Castiglione’s Il Cortegiano; Sir John Harington > Ariosto’s Orlando Furioso; John Florio > Montaigne’s Essais

Question 78

Explain “sola scriptura” and “sola fide”

Answer 78

Common watchwords of the Protestant Reformation; Luther held that religious authority was being arrogated by the Pope under the influence of the devil

Question 79

Name two figures who elaborated on protestant theories–one from Zurich, Switzerland, and one from Geneva.

Answer 79

Swiss pastor Ulrich Zwingli and French theologian John Calvin

Question 80

Why didn’t the pope grant Henry permission to divorce Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn

Answer 80

Pressure from Catherine’s powerful Spanish family

Question 81

What year did Henry VIII force the entire clergy of England to beg pardon for having usurped royal authority in the administration of canon law?

Answer 81

1531

Question 82

What year was Henry VIII excommunicated? Which Pope excommunicated him?

Answer 82

1535; Clement VII

Question 83

What year was the first Act of Supremacy? What rights did it grant the king?

Answer 83

1534; it made him the supreme head of the Church of England

Question 84

Under Henry VIII’s powerful secretary of state, England’s monasteries were suppressed and their vast wealth confiscated by the crown to be given to the king’s followers. What was the name of the secretary of state, and around when were these seizures occurring?

Answer 84

Thomas Cromwell; between 1536-39

Question 85

In the same year that Fisher and More were martyred for their adherence to Roman Catholicism, twenty-five others were burned alive–for what? What was their affiliation?

Answer 85

Heresy; they were members of the (Protestant) Anabaptist sect

Question 86

Henry VIII died in what year? Who took the throne?

Answer 86

1547; Edward VI (by Henry’s third wife, Jane Seymour)

Question 87

When the child Edward VI became king in 1547, the English Church quickly began to change. Why?

Answer 87

Edward was a Protestant; his successive Protectors, the dukes of Somerset and Northumberland, were also staunch Protestants.

Question 88

Who formulated the forty-two articles of religion which became the core of Anglican orthodoxy? What other major work did he write? In whose reign did this occur?

Answer 88

Thomas Cranmer, archbishop of Canterbury; the first Book of Common Prayer (officially adopted in 1549 as the basis of English worship services); the reign of Edward VI

Question 89

After only six years on the throne, the sickly Edward VI died in what year? He was succeeded by whom?

Answer 89

1553; he was succeeded by his Catholic half-sister Mary (Henry VIII’s daughter by his first wife, Catherine)

Question 90

When Queen Mary died childless in 1558, Elizabeth took the throne. During her coronation procession, she did something unusual, which sent a strong message to everyone watching. What was it?

Answer 90

When a girl in an allegorical pageant presented her with a Bible in English–banned under Mary’s reign–Elizabeth kissed the book, held it up reverently, and held it to her breast. This carefully choreographed gesture signaled England’s return to the Reformation.

Question 91

After Elizabeth took the throne, Protestant exiles streamed back into England, eager not only to rectify the damage Mary had caused, but to take the Reformation further than it had ever gone. A minority even sought to dismantle the church hierarchy, purge the calendar of folk customs, smash “idolatrous” statues and alterpieces, etc. etc. What was this minority? What was Elizabeth’s reaction?

Answer 91

Puritans; Elizabeth was Protestant but did not welcome anything like zealotry, and did not allow the Puritans to accomplish their agenda.

Question 92

Elizabeth was drawn to the idea of royal absolutism, not then in practice in England. Opposition to her will was made to feel not just treasonous but blasphemous. How was this monarch-God relationship strengthened by absolutist rhetoric of the time, regardless of the behavior of the monarch in question?

Answer 92

Supporters of absolutism argued that God commands obedience even to manifestly wicked rulers whom He has sent to punish mankind for their sins. This rhetoric was incorporated into speeches, political tracts, sermons, and in the Book of Homilies that clergymen were required to read out to their congregations.

Question 93

Despite Elizabeth’s attraction to absolutism, her power was not absolute. The government had a network of spies, informers, and agents provocateurs, but lacked what crucial apparatuses?

Answer 93

A standing army; a national police force, an efficient system of communication, and an extensive bureaucracy.

Question 94

What was the cult of love in Tudor England?

Answer 94

Elizabeth relied heavily on rhetoric surrounding love–she loved her court and courtiers, and they were expected to love her in return. The effect was to turn Elizabeth’s gender from a potential liability to a significant asset.

Question 95

In the Elizabethan cult of love, courtiers often expressed their admiration for Elizabeth in what two pronounced ways?

Answer 95

They could pine after her using secular terms, likening her to pagan goddesses like Diana, Astraea, Cynthia, or the type of cruelly chaste mistress one sees in a Petrarch sonnet; alternatively, they could venerate her in sacred terms, comparing her to the Virgin Mary.

Question 96

Why was Sir Walter Raleigh, one of the queen’s glittering favorites, imprisoned and executed?

Answer 96

He married without the queen’s knowledge and consent

Question 97

Surrounded by Catholic and Protestant extremists, Elizabeth contrived to forge a moderate compromise that enabled her realm to avert the massacres and civil wars that poisoned France and other countries of the Continent. But danger was always lurking near. What did this mean for Mary, Queen of Scots?

Answer 97

The Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, had been driven from her own kingdom in 1568 and took refuge in England, living under a kind of house arrest. After unearthing an assassination plot in the correspondence between the Queen of Scots and the Catholic Anthony Babington, Mary was beheaded.

Question 98

In order to rally a detachment of soldiers before the invasion of the Invincible Armada in 1588, Elizabeth appeared before them dressed in a white gown and a silver breastplate. What iconic words did she speak?

Answer 98

“I know I have the body but of a weak and feeble woman,” but I have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a king of England too.”

Question 99

Describe the average Englishman’s regional identity in the 1400’s. When does a strong national identity develop in England? What events brought this about?

Answer 99

In the 1400’s people were more likely to identify with the international community of Christendom or with their local region, such as Kent or Cornwall. National identity develops in the 16th century as a result of a number of things, including the discovery of the New World, the break with Rome, and the victory over the Spanish Armada in 1588.

Question 100

Medieval England’s Jewish population, the object of ceaseless violent persecution, was officially expelled by King Edward I in 1290. But Elizabethan England harbored a tiny number of Jews. What were Elizabethans’ feelings for these Jews?

Answer 100

A mixture of immense fascination, uncertainty, and hostility. Jews were the subject of much speculation among Elizabethans, who seemed very undecided about whether Judaism referred to a people, a foreign nation, a set of strange practices, a living faith, a defunct religion, a villainous conspiracy, or a messianic inheritance.

Question 101

What was the Elizabethans’ view of Africans? Name one example of this attitude.

Answer 101

Blackness might be seen as a disease, the result of exposure to the sun, or the curse of Ham’s son, Cush. Most of all, they were seen as exotic curiosities. At his marriage to Anne of Denmark, James VI of Scotland (son of Mary, Queen of Scots) entertained his bride and her family by commanding four naked black youths to dance before him in the snow. They died of exposure shortly afterward. In the later decades of the 16th century, they became fashionable as servants in aristocratic households.

Question 102

What was Elizabeth’s relationship with the slave trade?

Answer 102

She is reported to have said that it venture was “detestable, and would call down the Vengeance of Heaven upon the Undertakers,” but she invested profitably from the slave trade and loaned ships to be used for transporting slaves.

Question 103

Elizabeth was invested in many enterprises combining aggressive nationalism and the pursuit of profit. What was the most covert of these investments?

Answer 103

Piracy; English ships regularly seized Spanish ships returning from the New World laden with possessions. The queen publicly denounced the piracy but invested in it covertly.

Question 104

Before Elizabeth’s reign, there was no freedom of the press but state control of printed books was poorly organized. Around the time Elizabeth became queen, however, the Stationers Company received its charter, and became responsible for the licensing of books. What year did this happen? Two years after this, what new restriction was placed on book licensing?

Answer 104

1557; two years later, stationers were commanded to license only books that had been approved by either six privy councilors or the archbishop of Canterbury and the bishop of London.

Question 105

How effective was the Stationers’ Company at regulating the licensing of books?

Answer 105

Not terribly: undesirable books were never effectively suppressed, though there were occasional trials and horrendous punishments.

Question 106

How well did printed plays and secular poetry sell in Elizabethan England?

Answer 106

Sometimes they sold well (Shakespeare’s Henry IV, Part 1 was printed 7 times in 25 years), but they could never compete with religious writing (compare “The Psalms in English Meter,” published 124 times between 1583-1608).

Question 107

Folios were generally reserved for what types of works?

Answer 107

Ones regarded as meriting especially respectful treatment. Raphael Holinshed’s The Chronicles of England, Scotlande, and Irelande (1577) appeared in folio, whereas Spenser’s The Faerie Queene was printed as a quarto both in 1590 and 1596 (it finally appeared in folio in 1609).

Question 108

Who work did Raphael Holinshed write in 1577?

Answer 108

The Chronicles of England, Scotlande, and Irelande

Question 109

How were financial rewards achieved for writing prose or poetry?

Answer 109

Mostly from wealthy patrons seeking to enhance their status.

Question 110

What were England’s universities mainly devoted to before Elizabeth’s time, and how did this change under her reign?

Answer 110

They were devoted to educating the clergy. While this remained an important function, the sons of the gentry and aristocracy under Elizabeth increasingly attended universities and the Inns of Court (law schools), not in order to take religious orders or practice law, but to prepare for public service or the management of their estates. Less affluent students, like Marlowe and Spenser, attended Oxford or Cambridge on scholarship.

Question 111

What access did women have to education in Elizabethan England?

Answer 111

Protestantism encouraged reading of the Bible, spurring moderate literacy, but women had no access to grammar schools, universities, or the Inns of Court, and were not encouraged in their outside reading, let alone writing. Writing skills in women were thought to be useless at best, and dangerous at worst. Some humanists pushed back against this mentality somewhat.

Question 112

Desiderius Erasmus published a work called De copia. What year did he publish it, and what was it designed to teach the reader?

Answer 112

1512; “copiousness,” or verbal richness, in discourse. (The work provides a list of 144 ways of saying “thank you for your letter”)

Question 113

In Renaissance England, certain syntactic forms or patterns of words known as “figures” or “schemes” were shaped and repeated in order to confer beauty or heighten expressive power. Examples: hyperbole and irony. Children memorized up to one hundred of these just as we would memorize multiplication tables. This isn’t a quiz question.

Answer 113

Huzzzzzah!

Question 114

Discuss Elizabethans’ attitude toward art in a few phrases.

Answer 114

Appreciation for ornament and elaborate display, extreme contrasts, though they also appreciated simplicity where it seemed appropriate. Art was thought to be an improvement on nature.

Question 115

The 16th century is known for the improvements in England of what musical instrument?

Answer 115

The voice; popular ballads, madrigals, airs, hymns, popular ballads, rounds, catches, and other forms of song enjoyed immense popularity not only in the court or in aristocratic households, but in less exalted social circles like taverns or the theater.

Question 116

Compare Elizabethan attitudes toward surface appearances to that of modern times.

Answer 116

Modern responses to art often evidence a suspicion of surfaces and a desire to rip away the mask; Renaissance aesthetics delighted in the highly patterned surfaces of things, believing that the universe itself had in its basic construction the ingredients or basic construction of the beauty and concord of a poem or piece of music.

Question 117

What were syntax and punctuation like in the 16th century?

Answer 117

Looser and more flexible than ours, introducing both confusion and increased facility in tracking thoughts through their twists and turns (cf. later writers like Blake, or even Joyce)

Question 118

A sense of wonder animates much of the 16th century’s poetry, as if things were being seen for the first time. What word for this wonder or splendor is used very frequently in Shakespeare’s The Tempest?

Answer 118

“Brave”

Question 119

Describe Renaissance poetry’s relationship with mimesis.

Answer 119

Generally, the poetry was interested less in representational accuracy than in the magical power of exquisite workmanship to draw readers into fabricated worlds. Successful imitation was greatly valued but seems to have been subservient to cunning illusion.

Question 120

What didactic role is accomplished by Elizabethan poetry, with its emphasis on beauty?

Answer 120

Human sinfulness has corrupted life, robbing it of the sweet wholesomeness that it had once possessed in Eden, but poetry can mark the way (or even propel readers) back to a more virtuous and fulfilled existence.

Question 121

The poet alone is free to range “within the zodiac of his own wit” and create a second nature, better than the fallen world. “Her world is brazen, the poets only deliver a golden.” Whose words are these, and in what work, and when was this written?

Answer 121

Sir Philip Sidney; Defense of Poesy; it was written around 1579 but published (posthumously) in 1595.

Question 122

Among the most prominent of the clusters of conventions used to discuss art in the Elizabethan period were those that defined the main literary modes. What term does Sidney use for these modes? Name seven examples.

Answer 122

“Kinds”; pastoral, heroic, lyric, satiric, elegiac, tragic, and comic.

Question 123

How representative of the times is Spenser’s spectacular mixing of romance, medieval allegory, pastoral, satire, mythological narrative, comedy, philosophical meditation, and other genres, in The Faerie Queene?

Answer 123

It is an extreme example of England’s characteristic disregard for the unities at the time. This contrasted with mainstream aesthetic values on the Continent, where the Aristotelian unities were oftener adhered to.

Question 124

By the 15th century, and probably earlier, there were organized companies of players travelling about the country. How did they earn their living?

Answer 124

They earned a precarious living providing amusement, while enhancing the prestige of the patron whose livery they wore and whose protection they enjoyed (hence, the Lord Chamberlain’s Men, the Lord Admiral’s Men, etc.)

Question 125

What could happen to English professional actors who were not protected by a patron?

Answer 125

By statutes enjoining productive labor, actors without another, ordinary trade could have been classified as vagabonds and whipped or branded.

Question 126

Before the construction of the public theaters, the playing companies often performed short plays called “interludes.” What were these?

Answer 126

In effect, staged dialogues on religious, moral, and political themes. (E.g. Henry Medwall’s Fulgens and Lucrece, or John Heywood’s The Play of the Weather).

Question 127

The Roman playwright Seneca’s influence on Elizabethan drama emerged in what popular genre of the time? What were some of this genre’s consistent features? Name two examples from the period.

Answer 127

Revenge tragedy; violent plots, resounding rhetorical speeches, ghosts thirsting for blood, and wronged protagonists who plot and execute revenge, destroying themselves in the process. Thomas Kyd’s Spanish Tragedy (1592) and Shakespeare’s Hamlet

Question 128

What innovation occurred in the Elizabethan theater regarding the public’s payment for plays?

Answer 128

Admission fees were charged for the first time, rather than having players ask for donations after the play.

Question 129

What year does Pope Gregory XIII declare that the assassination of Elizabeth would not constitute a mortal sin?

Answer 129

1580

Question 130

What year is the Essex rebellion?

Answer 130

1601

Question 131

What year is a permanent English colony established at Jamestown, Virginia?

Answer 131

1607

Question 132

The KJV is first published in

Answer 132

1611

Question 133

What year does James I die? He is succeeded by?

Answer 133

1625; Charles I

Question 134

Between 1629 and 1638, Charles I attempted to rule without

Answer 134

summoning parliament

Question 135

England’s Civil War breaks out in

Answer 135

1642

Question 136

What year do the theaters close in England? Why?

Answer 136

1642; outbreak of Civil War

Question 137

What year does Milton write Areopagitica? What are the core arguments?

Answer 137

1644; Argues vigorously against press censorship and for toleration of most Protestants (but not Catholics!)

Question 138

What year is Charles I beheaded? Followed by what period?

Answer 138

1649; Interregnum

Question 139

When is the Interregnum? What is Oliver Cromwell’s title?

Answer 139

1649-90; Oliver Cromwell is Lord Protector until his death in 1658

Question 140

The Protectorate ends, and Charles II is invited back to be monarch, in what year? Known as the?

Answer 140

1660; Restoration

Question 141

During the 16th and 17th centuries, what city is the largest and fastest-growing in Europe?

Answer 141

London

Question 142

List five differences between Early Modern (EM) tragedy and Classical (C) tragedy

Answer 142

1. EM has sub plots, comic relief; C doesn’t
2. EM often disregards Aristotle’s unities
3. In production, EM roles might be written for particular actors, allowing for “ghosting” by prvs roles
4. EM individual responsibility; C fatalism
5. EM characters have more interiority

Question 143

List five key differences between Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra and Dryden’s

Answer 143

1. Sh writes as chronicler/historian; D as poet
2. Sh has far more characters
3. Sh has two protagonists; D just one (Anthony)
4. Sh travels between Alexandria and Rome; D respects dramatic unities
5. Octavia vs. Cleopatra doesn’t exist in Sh

Question 144

What year is Charles II restored to the throne, reopening theaters?

Answer 144

1660

Question 145

What year does the Act of Uniformity require all clergy to obey the Church of England?

Answer 145

1662

Question 146

What year does the Royal Society receive its charter?

Answer 146

1662

Question 147

What years are the Great Plague of London?

Answer 147

1664-66

Question 148

What year is much of London destroyed by fire?

Answer 148

1666

Question 149

What year is the first edition of Paradise Lost published?

Answer 149

1667

Question 150

What year is Dryden’s Essay of Dramatic Poesy published?

Answer 150

1668

Question 151

When does John Milton live?

Answer 151

1608-74

Question 152

When does Dryden become poet laureate?

Answer 152

1668

Question 153

What year does the Test Act require all officeholders to swear allegiance to Anglicanism?

Answer 153

1673

Question 154

The first part of Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress is published

Answer 154

1678

Question 155

The “Popish Plot” inflames anti-Catholic feeling in

Answer 155

1678

Question 156

Charles II dissolves Parliament in

Answer 156

1681

Question 157

Dryden writes Absalom and Achitophel

Answer 157

1681

Question 158

What year does Charles II die? What is the name of his Catholic brother, who takes the throne?

Answer 158

1685; James II

Question 159

What year does Newton publish the Principia Mathematica?

Answer 159

1687

Question 160

What year does Aphra Behn publish Oroonoko?

Answer 160

1688

Question 161

When is the Glorious Revolution? Who is exiled and who accedes to the throne?

Answer 161

1688-89; James II; his Protestant daughter, Mary, and her husband, William of Orange