Joints and Connective Tissues + Thigh, Leg and foot 1 Flashcards
What are the types of joints? (based on mobility)
Synarthroses (no movement) eg suture joints in skull
Amphiarthroses (Slightly moveable) eg vertebrae, and pubic symphysis
Diarthroses (Freely moveable) eg. elbow and shoulder
What are the contents of a typical diarthroses joint?
Articular cartilage
Articular capsule
Joint cavity containing synovial fluid
Synovial membrane
Synovial fluid (separates the articular cartilages)
In some joints
Menisci
Fat pads (provide shock absorption)
Intracapsular ligaments (ACL, PCL, etc)
Extracapsular ligaments (Can repair themselves due to blood supply)
What parts of the bone does the articular capsule connect?
The periostea of both bones
What happens to bone on the Load/deformation curve after the yield point?
It is no longer able to return to its original shape after deformation.
What is the region of the curve where the bone can return to its original shape after applying the load?
The elastic region
What is the region of the curve where the bone cannot return to its original shape after applying the load (the yield point)?
The plastic region
What structures do all connective tissue share?
Collagen and elastic fibers
How are the stress/strain curves different for elastin and collagen?
Collagen can resist stress until the point of failure where the level of deformation is too much to handle (8% deformation is the point of failure which isn’t very high compared to elastic fibers)
Elastin is much like a rubber band where it can be deformed significantly without providing much resistance until it approaches the point of failure
What do tendons do?
They join muscle onto bone/fascia. Inelastic tissue ensures transfer of tension to effect movement.
What are tendons made of?
Mostly collagen (99% with only 0.8% elastin)
How is collagen arranged in tendons? Why is this important?
Collagen is arranged in parallel bundles. This allows tendons to be very hard to deform.
What are ligaments made of?
Also mostly collagen (~90%) but not only arranged in parallel which makes them somewhat resistant to deformation.
What are the parts of the femur?
Head
Neck
Body
What does the teres ligament of the femur do?
Carries artery and vein to head called the fovea capitis
What are the bumps on the top of the body of the femur called?
The greater and lesser trochanter
What are the ridges between trochanters called?
The intertrochanteric line anterior
Intertrochanteric crest posterior
What does the intertrochanteric crest contain? What is the purpose of this bump?
The quadrate tubercle (Connected to by the quadratus femoris)
What is the linea aspera?
Posterior line that descends the shaft of the femur
What are the lines that meet at the linea aspera called?
From the greater trochanter: Gluteal tuberosity (Attachment of gluteus maximus)
From the lesser trochanter Pectineal line (from adductor muscle)
From the medial side: Spiral line
What is the lateral condyle?
On the inferior head of the femur (the one that forms the knee joint) lateral side which forms the lateral epicondyle which contains various ligaments and articulations
What is the medial condyle?
On the inferior head of the femur (the one that forms the knee joint) medial side which forms the medial epicondyle which contains various ligaments and articulations
What is the adducter tubercle?
The attachment point on the medial condyle for an adductor muscle which is the site of passage for several arteries and nerves.
What are the supracondylar lines?
The lines from the linea aspera to the condyles
What does the patella hover on?
Patellar surface of the femur
What is the popliteal surface?
Surface on posterior humerus that is found between the medial and lateral condylar lines.
Which is more medial and lateral the tibia or the fibula?
Medial: Tibia
Lateral: Fibula
What is the anterior intercondylar area?
The area between medial and lateral condyle anteriorly that gives rise to the ACL
What is the posterior intercondylar area?
Area between condyles that gives rise to the PCL
What is the location that the patellar tendon binds to attach the quadriceps to the tibia?
The tibial tuberosity
What is the medial malleolus formed by?
The medial tibia
What is the notch for the fibula to attach to the tibia?
The fibula notch (it is on the tibia)
What does the interosseus membrane attach to on the tibia?
The interosseus border
What is the soleal line?
Line that descends along to medial tibia
What is the styloid process?
Next to the head of the fibula is a sharp bone for attachment of one of the knee ligaments and supports lateral condyle of the tibia
Where is the facet of the tibia located?
On the head of the fibula
What happens to anterior border of the fibula as it descends to the lateral malleolus?
It bifurcates
What are the fibula borders in order of most posterior to most anterior and are these borders more medial or more lateral?
Posterior
Medial
Interosseus
Anterior
AIMP (Anterior to posterior)
What is the talus and what is the calcaneus?
Talus is superior tarsal bone
Calcaneus is inferior tarsal bone
Where is the navicular bone relative to the talus and calcaneus?
It is more anterior and medial
What are the 3 cuneiforms?
Medial intermediate and lateral
What are the tarsal bones from most posterior to most anterior?
Calcaneus + Talus
Navicular + Cuboid
Medial + intermediate + lateral cuneiform
What does the calcaneal tuberosity bind to?
Achilles tendon
What is the sustentaculum tali?
Protrusion on the calcaneus that looks like a boxing glove
Where is the peroneal sulcus located? What does it do?
On the cuboid bone, it allows for passage of a tendon
How are the metatarsals numbered?
From most medial to lateral
How many phalanges do the toes have?
All have 3 except the big toe which has 2
What ligaments hold the femoral head in place?
Iliofemoral ligament (2 attachments on the femur)
Pubofemoral ligament
Ischiofemoral ligament
What completes the knee capsule anteriorly?
Lateral and medial patellar retinacula
Patellar ligament
What 2 extracapsular ligaments hold the knee joint?
The MCL (tibial collateral ligament)
The LCL (Fibular collateral ligament)
What 2 intracapsular ligaments hold the knee joint?
ACL and PCL
What ligaments hold the foot in place?
Lateral collateral ligaments:
Medial collateral ligament:
What are the parts of the lateral collateral ligaments?
Calcaneofibular ligament
Anterior talofibular ligament
Posterior talofibular ligament
What are the parts of the medial collateral ligaments?
Deltoid ligament (4 parts)
Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (sustentaculum tali to navicular)
Long and short plantar ligaments
