Forearm and hand

Question 1

Where is the olecranon located?

Answer 1

On the ulna anteriorly it forms a “head”

Question 2

What is located directly beneath the head of the radius?

Answer 2

The neck of the radius and directly inferomedially is the radial tuberosity.

Question 3

What is the purpose of the radial tuberosity?

Answer 3

It is the insertion point of the biceps tendon.

Question 4

Where is the radial fovea located?

Answer 4

Directly above the head of the radius. It articulates with the humerus.

Question 5

What are the ulnar and radial notches for?

Answer 5

They provide spaces for each other to articulate. (Ulnar notch is a point on the radius for the ulna to articulate. Vice versa is true for the radial notch on the ulna)

Question 6

Where is the radial styloid process located?

Answer 6

It is a bony projection from the distal radius (just under the thumb)

Question 7

What is the significance of the anterior border of the radius?

Answer 7

It is shaped in a way that is important for pronation and supination of the arm

Question 8

Where does the interosseus membrane articulate with the radius?

Answer 8

In the interosseus crest.

Question 9

What kind of joint is present between radius and ulna?

Answer 9

Syndesmosis joint

Question 10

What does the ulnar tuberosity do? Where is it located?

Answer 10

insertion point for brachialis

It is located anteriorly just below the coronoid process

Question 11

Where is the ulnar styloid process located?

Answer 11

On the ulnar side it is a smaller projection than the radial styloid process.

Question 12

Why is the interosseus membrane located more posteriorly?

Answer 12

To provide more laxity during the action of pronation

Question 13

What are the carpal bones called?

Answer 13

She Looks Too Pretty Try To Catch Her

From lateral to medial, proximal to distal.

Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Trapezium trapezoid Capitate Hamate

Question 14

How are metacarpals numbered?

Answer 14

1 to 5 from thumb side

Question 15

Which finger has only 2 phalanges?

Answer 15

The thumb

Question 16

Where does most hand movement take place?

Answer 16

Around the radiocarpal joint

Question 17

Where does finger movement take place?

Answer 17

At the metacarpo-phalangeal joints (knuckles)

Question 18

What ligaments hold the elbow together?

Answer 18

Ulnar collateral ligament (MCL)

Radial collateral ligament (LCL)

Annular ligament (Forms a sling around the head of the radius and is connected to the LCL)

Question 19

What retains the tendons and prevents bowstringing in the wrist?

Answer 19

The flexor retinaculum on the flexor side and extensor retinaculum on the extensor side

Question 20

What is the origin and insertion and action of the brachioradialis muscle?

Answer 20

Origin: Lateral supracondylar line of humerus. (Highest origin point of any forearm muscle)

Insertion: Styloid process of radius

Action: Flexes forearm

Question 21

What kind of muscle is brachioradialis considered to be developmentally?

Answer 21

It is a dorsal compartment muscle even though it is located in the anterior compartment.

Question 22

Brachioradialis is considered a shunt muscle. What does this mean?

Answer 22

When origin is close to the joint it acts on

Question 23

What is the origin, insertion, and action of pronator teres?

Answer 23

Origin: Medial epicondyle of the humerus (and supracondylar line)

Insertion: Lateral surface of the radius

Action: Pronates forearm

Question 24

What is the origin, insertion, and action of Flexor carpi radialis?

Answer 24

Origin: Medial epicondyle of the humerus

Insertion: Metacarpals 2 & 3

Action: Flexes and abducts hand

Question 25

Where do all anterior compartment muscles originate (besides brachioradialis)?

Answer 25

Medial epicondyle of the humerus

Question 26

What is the origin, insertion, and action of palmaris longus?

Answer 26

Origin: Medial epicondyle of the humerus Insertion: Flexor retinaculum Action: Flexes hand

Question 27

What is the origin, insertion, and action of flexor carpi ulnaris?

Answer 27

Origin: Medial epicondyle of the humerus Insertion: Pisiform, hamate, and metacarpal 5 Action: Flexes and adducts the hand

Question 28

What is the origin, insertion, and action of Flexor digitorum superficialis?

Answer 28

Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of the ulna Insertion: Middle phalanges digits 2 - 5 Action: Flexes middle phalanges digits 2 - 5 (no flexion of distal phalanges)

Question 29

What are the muscles of the superficial layer of the anterior compartment forearm muscles?

Answer 29

Flexor carpi radialis Flexor carpi ulnaris Palmaris longus

Question 30

What is the origin, insertion, and action of Flexor digitorum profundus?

Answer 30

Origin: Ulna and interosseus membrane Insertion: distal phalanges 2 - 5 Action: Flexes digits 2 - 5

Question 31

What are the muscles of the intermediate and deep anterior compartment?

Answer 31

Intermediate: Flexor digitorum superficialis (middle phalanges) Deep: Flexor digitorum profundus (Distal phalanges) Flexor pollicis longus Pronator quadratus

Question 32

How do the tendons for flexor digitorum profundus pass through the tendons for flexor digitorum superficialis?

Answer 32

The tendons for flexor digitorum superficialis bifurcate towards their insertion point to allow flexor digitorum profundus to pass through to the distal phalanges.

Question 33

What is the origin, insertion, and action of Flexor pollicis longus?

Answer 33

Origin: Radius and interosseus membrane Insertion: Distal phalanx digit 1 (thumb) Action: Flexes digit 1

Question 34

What is the origin, insertion, and action of pronator quadtratus?

Answer 34

Origin: Anterior border of the ulna Insertion:Anterior border of the radius Action: Pronates the forearm

Question 35

What are the muscles of the superficial layer of the posterior compartment?

Answer 35

Brachioradialis Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor digiti minimi Extensor carpi ulnaris

Question 36

What is the origin, insertion, and action of Extensor carpi radialis longus?

Answer 36

Origin: Lateral supracondylar line of humerus Insertion: Metacarpal 2 Action: Extends and abducts the hand.

Question 37

What is the origin, insertion, and action of Extensor carpi radialis brevis?

Answer 37

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus Insertion: Metacarpals 2 and 3 Action: Extends and abducts the hand This muscle is a little deeper than ECRL.

Question 38

What is the origin, insertion, and action of Extensor digitorum (communis)?

Answer 38

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus Insertion: Middle and distal phalanges of digits 2 - 5 Action: Extends digits 2 - 5

Question 39

What is the origin, insertion, and action of extensor digiti minimi?

Answer 39

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus Insertion: Joins extensor digitorum tendon Action: Extends digit 5

Question 40

What is the origin, insertion, and action of extensor carpi ulnaris?

Answer 40

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus and ulna Insertion: Metacarpal 5 Action: Extends and adducts hand

Question 41

What are the muscles of the deep layer of the extensor compartment?

Answer 41

Supinator Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Extensor pollicis longus Extensor indicis

Question 42

What is the origin, insertion, and action of supinator?

Answer 42

Origin: Supinator crest on ulna Insertion: Shaft of radius Action: Supinates forearm

Question 43

What is the origin, insertion, and action of abductor pollicis longus?

Answer 43

Origin: Interosseus membrane Insertion: Metacarpal 1 Action: Abducts the thumb

Question 44

What is the origin, insertion, and action of extensor pollicis brevis?

Answer 44

Origin: Radius and interosseus membrane Insertion: Proximal phalanx digit 1 Action: Extends the thumb

Question 45

What is the origin, insertion, and action of extensor pollicis longus?

Answer 45

Origin: Ulna and interosseus membrane Insertion: Distal phalanx digit 1 Action: Extends thumb

Question 46

What is the extensor expansion?

Answer 46

Tissue that covers the posterior end of the phalanges to provide extensor function to the phalanges.

Question 47

What is the origin, insertion, and action of extensor indicis?

Answer 47

Origin: Ulna and interosseus membrane Insertion: Joins extensor digitorum tendon Action: Extends digit 2

Question 48

What are the muscles that supinate the forearm?

Answer 48

Supinator Biceps brachii

Question 49

What are the muscles that pronate the forearm?

Answer 49

Pronator teres Pronator quadratus

Question 50

What is the thenar eminence?

Answer 50

The meaty part of the thumb

Question 51

What is the hypothenar eminence?

Answer 51

The meaty part under the pinkie

Question 52

What intrinsic hand muscle abducts the thumb?

Answer 52

Abductor pollicis brevis

Question 53

What intrinsic hand muscle flexes the thumb?

Answer 53

Flexor pollicis brevis

Question 54

What does opponens pollicis do? How is its action different to flexion?

Answer 54

Opposes the thumb. This action is different to flexion in that it moves through multiple planes.

Question 55

What intrinsic hand muscle adducts the thumb?

Answer 55

Adductor pollicis

Question 56

What are the muscles of the thenar group?

Answer 56

Abductor pollicis brevis Adductor pollicis Opponens pollicis Flexor pollicis brevis

Question 57

What are the muscles of the hypothenar group?

Answer 57

Abductor digiti minimi Flexor digiti minimi Opponens digiti minimi

Question 58

What muscles abducts the 5th digit?

Answer 58

Abductor digiti minimi

Question 59

Which muscle flexes the 5th digit?

Answer 59

Flexor digiti minimi

Question 60

What does opponens digiti minimi do?

Answer 60

Opposes the 5th digit

Question 61

What muscles of the hand originate from tendons? What do they do?

Answer 61

The lumbricals, they pass anteriorly to the metacarpophalangeal joint and posteriorly to the interphalangeal joint and insert into the extensor expansion. Their job is to flex the carpometacarpal joint while extending the interphalangeal joints.

Question 62

What do the palmar interossei do?

Answer 62

They have exactly the same function as lumbricals but they also adduct the fingers. PAD (adduction) (adducts digits 2, 4 and 5)

Question 63

What do the dorsal interossei do?

Answer 63

abduct digits 2, 3, and 4

Question 64

What are the cords of the brachial plexus named in relation to?

Answer 64

The axillary artery. Posterior lateral and medial to the axillary artery

Question 65

What muscles does the axillary nerve provide?

Answer 65

Deltoids and teres minor

Question 66

What arteries pass through the forearm in the anterior comparment?

Answer 66

The radial and ulnar arteries on respective sides.

Question 67

What do the radial and ulnar arteries become?

Answer 67

The superficial and deep palmar arches

Question 68

Where do arteries that supply the fingers pass?

Answer 68

On the sides of the fingers. This is to prevent occlusion when grasping.

Question 69

What are the veins that supply the hands?

Answer 69

The dorsal venous arch

Question 70

What are the veins that drain the forearm?

Answer 70

Deep veins: Venae comitantes Brachial vein Superficial veins: Basilic vein (on medial side all the way up) Cephalic vein Both veins meet at the Median cubital vein

Question 71

Where is the brachial vein easy to visualize in specimens?

Answer 71

It passes through the back of the tricep before appearing near the deep humoral artery.