Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

imed3003 > Human Lactation > Flashcards

Human Lactation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the WHO and NH&MRC recommended breastfeeding time?

A

The first 6 months of life and continuing with complementary feeding up to age of 2 years or beyond.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How many ducts are there per lactating breast?

A

9 ducts (4 - 18), they are approximately 2 mm in diameter and they are easily compressible.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What makes up breasts

A

63% glandular tissue

37% fatty tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What type of glandular tissue exists in breasts?

A

Lactiferous ducts draining the secretory tissue go to the nipple and there they intertwine (left hand side of nipple doesn’t necessarily have lactiferous ducts from left side of breast)

Secretory tissue all the way back up into the breast from nipple.

Cooper’s ligaments hold everything to the subcutaneous fat at the back of the breast.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the possible consequences of breast reduction surgery?

A

Removal of secretory tissue

Reduce number of patent milk ducts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are possible consequences of breast augmentation?

A

Decrease nipple sensation (particularly periareolar incision)

Can lead to lactation insufficiency.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does nipple piercing lead to?

A

Can cause scar tissue to block milk ducts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens in urine during pregnancy?

A

Lactose output in urine increases as a result in increased lactose synthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What hormone level rises with breast lactose synthesis?

A

Blood prolactin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What regulates nipple and areola growth in pregnant women?

A

Areola growth: Placental lactogen

Nipple growth: Prolactin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What increases risk of breast ptosis (sagging)?

A

It increases with each pregnancy.

Breastfeeding does not seem to worsen these effects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What should be kept in mind regarding premature delivery?

A

At this stage secretory differentiation has occurred. (breasts can synthesize lactose)

Small babies are initially unable to breastfeed

Milk production needs to be initiated and established by pumping early and pumping often. (breast pump)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the benefits of breastfeeding for the baby?

A

‘Gold Standard’ infant food

Facilitates growth and development

Protects against illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the benefits of breastfeeding for the mother?

A

Recovery from childbirth

Body weight loss

Suppression of maternal fertility

Cholesterol clearance

Diabetics - glucose control

Breast and ovarian cancer risk reduced

Self esteem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the community benefits of breastfeeding?

A

Reduced health care costs

Reduced pollution and energy costs (cow’s milk, cans, teats, etc)

Land clearance for farmland

Methane production from cows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is human milk composed of?

A
  1. 5% fat
  2. 1% protein
  3. 8% lactose
  4. 2% ash
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the function of breastmilk in babies’ CNS?

A

Higher DHA in parietal cortex of brains of breastfed infants.

Some evidence of improved visual acuity and cognitive development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the function of breastmilk in babies’ immune system?

A

Contains immunoglobulins

Lactoferrin

Lysozyme

Lipids

Oligosaccharides

Cytokines

Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What effect does maternal diet have on breast milk?

A

Quality of milk is not affected by available food (very low threshold before milk is affected)

Protein increase in diet increases protein in milk

Type of fatty acids mother eats ends up in milk

No effect on lactose

Zinc, Mn, Se, F, and Iodine all increase with more consumption in milk.

All vitamins affect milk

20
Q

What are the pathways for milk secretion?

A

Membrane pathway

Golgi vesicles (proteins like casein)

Fat globules (medium chain fatty acids)

Transcellular pathway (long chain fatty acids)

Paracellular pathway (Na+ and Cl- travel through this pathway. During pregnancy junctions between cells are open, during initiation of lactation they close.)

21
Q

Which drugs are often transferred in milk?

A

Drugs need to either have:

High concentration

Low molecular weight

Lipid soluble

If they are bound to a protein they cannot enter milk

22
Q

What initiates lactation?

A

Requires withdrawal of progesterone. (check progesterone levels in ladies with delayed lactation)

Requires presence of prolactin, insulin and corticosteroids

23
Q

How are progesterone vs lactose levels in mothers of babies with vaginal delivery and C-section?

A

Progesterone drops right after birth and lactose increases immediately after the drop.

24
Q

How does lactose affect milk volume?

A

Increase in lactose = increase in milk production

25
Q

What is the first secretion of the breast after delivery?

A

Colostrum (contains lots of beta carotene and so is orange coloured)

26
Q

What happens to milk composition with time?

A

Protein, solids, sodium, and beta carotene are much higher in colostrum but in mature milk they drop in concentration.

27
Q

What happens to secretion of milk in diabetic mothers?

A

It takes a longer time to reach full capacity compared to normal mothers (24hrs)

28
Q

What is milk ejection?

A

Suckling stimulates the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei in the hypothalamus

Oxytocin released from the posterior pituitary into the bloodstream

Resulting in successful lactation.

29
Q

How do psychological factors influence milk ejection?

A

It can be conditioned (mother away from baby can hear baby crying and start lactating)

It can be inhibited by stress.

It can be stimulated by orgasm (oxytocin release during orgasm can trigger milk ejection)

30
Q

How can milk ejection be assessed?

A

Subjective: Mother’s sensations

Objectively:

Blood sampling for oxytocin

Measurement of intraductal pressure

Transient increase in milk duct diameter

Transient increase in milk flow.

31
Q

What substances when consumed can inhibit milk ejection?

A

Opiates, alcohol due to impairment of oxytocin release

32
Q

What factors can inhibit milk ejection?

A

Drug abuse (opiates + alcohol)

Impaired innervation (reduction mammoplasty for example)

Stress (adrenaline causing vasoconstriction)

Engorgement problems

33
Q

How much milk is produced on average?

A

Approximately 750ml (ranges from 500 to 1200mls)

34
Q

How does milk volume consumed by infant affect weight gain?

A

Infant weight gain is related to breast milk intake but not a very close one.

Very rare that volume limits growth.

35
Q

When should feeding take place?

A

First breastfeed within an hour of birth

Unrestricted access to breast day and night.

Not to be scheduled and instead should be on cue.

Avoid formulas and dummies.

36
Q

What can trigger low milk production?

A

A primary inability to fully lactate:

Maternal health reasons such as anaemia, postpartum haemorrhage, and smoking.

Mammogenesis (markedly asymmetric, tubular, or hypoplastic breasts)

Breast surgery

Secretory activation (retained placenta)

37
Q

How can inadequate prolactin problems be fixed?

A

Using domperidone

38
Q

What should be investigated if the reason of breastfeeding problems is nipple pain?

A

Positioning and attachment

Nipple infection

Infant tongue tie

Strong vacuum

Staph. aureus

Candida albicans

39
Q

How should mastitis be treated?

A

Antibiotics

40
Q

What should be checked if mother perceives herself to have insufficient milk production?

A

Is it actually low?

Feed often

Pump after feeds

Use domperidone if appropriate

Investigate baby

41
Q

How does prolactin affect milk production?

A

It has no effect on volume of milk produced. It only impacts whether or not milk is produced during lactation.

Prolactin is required for milk production.

42
Q

What does drainage do to milk synthesis?

A

Drainage affects rate of milk synthesis.

43
Q

What does a breastfeeding session comprise of?

A

Can comprise of feeding from one breast or two breasts.

44
Q

Which breast produces more milk?

A

In 70% of women the right breast produces more milk than the left breast

45
Q

What influences the fat content in milk?

A

It is related to the degree of fullness of the breast.

46
Q

Is night time feeding in infants normal?

A

Yes, most babies feed at night even up to 6 months old.

47
Q

What causes mastitis?

A

Can be from blocked duct and milk stasis

Massage, feed, pump

imed3003 (48 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions