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MSK week 1 > Joint physiology > Flashcards

Joint physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main types of joints?

A
  1. Synovial
  2. Fibrous
  3. Cartilaginous
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2
Q

Explain what fibrous joints are and give an example of them

A

They are joints which unite bones by fibrous tissue (doesn’t allow any movement)

E.g. sutures which unite the bones of the skull

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3
Q

Explain what cartilaginous joints are and give examples of them

A

These are joints which unite bone by cartilage (limited movement)

e.g. Intervertebral Discs; Pubic symphsis; Part of the sacroiliac joints; Costochondral joints

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4
Q

Describe the general structure of synovial joints

A

These joints are where the bone is separated by a cavity (containing synovial fluid), and united by a fibrous capsule (and extra articular structures e.g. ligaments, bursa etc)

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5
Q

What is the inner aspect of a fibrous capsule in a synovial joint lined with and what is the function of this lining?

A

Synovial membrane - produces synovial fluid

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6
Q

What are the articular surfaces of bones in a synovial joint covered with ?

A

Articular cartilage

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7
Q

What are the overall physiological functions of joints?

A
  • Structural support
  • Purposeful motion
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8
Q

What is the role of joints during purposeful movement ?

A
  • Stress distribution
  • Confer stability - due to shape of articular component e.g. hip joint, ligaments, synovial fluid
  • Joint lubrication
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9
Q

What are the main functions of synovial fluid ?

A
  • Lubricated joint
  • Facilitates movement - by reducing friction
  • Helps minimise wear and tear due to lubrication
  • Supplies chondrocytes with O2 and nutrients and removes waste and CO2 (also aids nutrition of articular cartilage)
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10
Q

What are the main characteristics of synovial fluid ?

A
  • Continually replenished by synovial membrane
  • Has a high viscosity due to presence of hyaluronic acid
  • Contains few cells - mainly mononuclear leucocytes
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11
Q

Describe the normal appearance of synovial fluid

A

Normally it is clear and colourless

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12
Q

What happens to the WBC in synovial fluid in septic and inflammatory arthritis ?

A

It increases

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13
Q

What causes synovial fluid to turn red?

A

Traumatic synovial tap and in haemorrhagic arthritis

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14
Q

Read over the gross appearance of synovial fluid in health and disease

A
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15
Q

Match the description to the different test tubes:

  • Synovial fluid from joint with mild synovial inflammation
  • Synovial fluid obtained from a severely inflamed joint. It is thin and opaque due to a very high polymorph count
  • Synovial fluid from joint with mild synovial inflammation. The blood stain is caused by trauma
  • Normal synovial fluid. It is viscous and clear
A

A.Normal synovial fluid. It is viscous and clear

B.Synovial fluid from joint with mild synovial inflammation

C.Synovial fluid from joint with mild synovial inflammation. The blood stain is caused by trauma

D.Synovial fluid obtained from a severely inflamed joint. It is thin and opaque due to a very high polymorph count

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16
Q

What are the main functions of articular cartilage ?

A

Helps prevent wear and tear of joints

Distributes contact pressure to subchondral bones

17
Q

Describe the general strucutre of hyaline cartilage

A

It has special extracellular matrix (ECM) made predominantly of:

  • Water (70%)
  • Collagen (20%) -mainly type II contributes most to the elastic behaviour of cartilage
  • And proteoglycans (10%)
18
Q

What is the most common type of articular cartilage ?

A

Hyaline cartilage

19
Q

Describe the mechanical properties of the main components of cartilage:

  • Water
  • Collagen
  • Proteoglycan
A

Water - Maintain the resiliency of the tissue and contribute to the nutrition and lubrication system

Collagen - To maintain cartilage architecture and provide tensile stiffness and strength

Proteoglycan - Responsible for the compressive properties associated with load bearing

20
Q

The ECM in cartilage is synthesized, organised, degraded and maintained by what cell ?

A

Chondrocytes

21
Q

What in terms of physiology could cause joint disease ?

A
  • Changes in the relative amounts of the 3 major components of cartilage (changes its mechanical properties
  • Joint disease would also occur if the rate of ECM degradation exceeds the rate of its synthesis
22
Q

What are the markers of cartilage brakedown?

A
  • Serum and synovial keratin sulphate
  • Type II collagen in synovial fluid
23
Q

What gives rise to OA ?

A

Cartilage and synovial composition and function deteriorate with age and repeated wear and tear giving rise to osteoarthritis

24
Q

In terms of physiology what causes rheumatoid arthritis ?

A

Synovial cell proliferation and inflammation cause rheumatoid arthritis

25
Q

What causes gout ?

A

Deposition of needle shapped uric acid crystals

26
Q

What causes pseudogout ?

A

Deposition of rhomboid shaped calcium pyrophosphate crystals

MSK week 1 (19 decks)

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