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NYCC MSP > Joint Capsule, Synovium, Movement & Innervation > Flashcards

Joint Capsule, Synovium, Movement & Innervation Flashcards

1
Q

The joint capsule is a ____ layer of tissue

A

fibrous

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2
Q

What is the quality of vascularization and innervation of the joint capsule?

A

high

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3
Q

____ blend with the joint capsule

A

ligaments
(hence, ligamentous sleeve)

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4
Q

The majority of ligament fibers of a joint capsule run in the ____ direction

A

same

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5
Q

What is the joint capsule comprised of?

A

closely packed collagen fibers

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6
Q

What is the function of the joint capsule?

A
  • limit stretch
  • proprioception
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7
Q

Why would someone experience chronic/repeated ankle sprains?

A

destroyed joint capsule ligaments -> decreased proprioception

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8
Q

The internal portion of the joint capsule is lined by ____

A

synovial membrane (synovium)

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9
Q

What parts of a joint are covered by synovium?

A

all internal joint structures (including fat pad on post. knee) except bare area & articular cartilage

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10
Q

What is the synovial membrane comprised of?

A

2-3 layers of synoviocytes (type A and B)

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11
Q

What are type A synoviocytes?

A

macrophages with lysosomal enzymes

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12
Q

What are type B synoviocytes?

A

fibroblast-like cells

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13
Q

What type of synoviocytes help to clean up joints?

A

type A

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14
Q

What type of synoviocytes produce synovial fluid components?

A

type B

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15
Q

What are the components of synovial fluid?

A
  • hyaluronate
  • collagens
  • fibronectin
  • glycoproteins
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16
Q

Synovial tissue is arranged in ____ and ____

A

villi (folds)
microvilli

17
Q

What is the consistency of synovial fluid?

A

thick, viscous, egg-like

18
Q

What is the function of villi and microvilli of synovium?

A

^surface area for fluid production and waste resorption

19
Q

What are the functions of synovium?

A
  1. diffusion of nutrients (fluid –> cartilage) & waste products (cartilage –> fluid)
  2. ingestion of joint debris
  3. secrete hyaluronate, Ig’s (immune function), lysosomal enzymes, proteoglycans
  4. lubrication
20
Q

What components secreted by synovium provide the lubricative function of synovium?

A
  • hyaluronate
  • proteoglycans (eg. chondroitin sulfate)
    (large, negatively charged, hydrophilic molecules)
21
Q

What changes to synovium occur due to Rheumatoid arthritis?

A
  • less lubrication
  • less lysosomal enzymes = less breakdown of waste –> jt adhesions
  • less diffusion of nutrients –> starve & breakdown cartilage
22
Q

How much synovial fluid is in a joint?

A

1-4 mL

23
Q

What happens to the amount of synovial fluid with inflammation?

A

increases (eg. ACL tear)

24
Q

Why is synovial fluid non-clotting?

A

comes from plasma with NO clotting factors (thromboplastin, fibrinogen)

25
Q

Movement is essential for joint ____ and ____

A

development
maintenance

26
Q

Synovium and other vascularized structure require ____ to maintain optimal function

A

regular activity

27
Q

What is the effect of moderate exercise on articular cartilage?

A

decreased fibrillation and chondrocyte necrosis
(strengthens cartilage)

28
Q

What is the effect of immobilization on articular cartilage?

A

decreased proteoglycans & ^atrophy

29
Q

What is arthrogryposis?

A

multiple congenital joint contractures (fibrosis) resulting in lack of joint mobility in utero

30
Q

What is the clinical presentation of arthrogryposis?

A
  • abnormal CT (fibrosis) deposited around jts = stiffness
  • muscle weakness due to underdeveloped mm & tendons
  • flattened & incongruent jt surface
31
Q

What is Hilton’s law?

A

every peripheral nerve supplying a muscle sends a branch to the joint moved by the muscle and to the skin overlying the joint

32
Q

What law explains the superficial sensations felt with pathology?

A

Hilton’s law

33
Q

What are the 4 types of nerve endings in a joint?

A
  • encapsulated endings
  • Pacinian corpuscles
  • golgi tendon organs (GTOs)
  • free nerve endings
34
Q

What type of nerve endings respond to mechanical stimuli such as pressure and stretch?

A

encapsulated
(eg. ligament/joint capsule proprioception)

35
Q

What type of nerve endings respond to initiation and cessation of movement (acceleration & deceleration), and are considered dynamic?

A

Pacinian corpsucles

36
Q

What type of nerve endings are a stretch receptor responding to tension generated at the musculotendinous junction?

A

golgi tendon organs
(eg. deep tendon reflex)

37
Q

What type of nerve endings mediate pain?

A

free nerve endings

NYCC MSP (28 decks)

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