Johnston Conduction Disturbances & Hypertrophy of Atria and Ventricle Flashcards
What is an AV block?
- block in cardiac conduction system that causes a disruption of atrial to ventricular electrical conductioni
What is the criteria for a first degree AV block?
- PR interval more than 0.20 sec
- P wave precedes QRS
- Minor AV defect with delay at or below AV node
What causes a 1st degree AV block?
- Atherosclerosis
- Htn
- Diabetes
- FIbrosis
What is happening, what is rate and rhythm?
Sinus Bradycardia
PR interval= 7x .04= 0.8 so first degree AV block
What is Mobitz I (Wenchkenbach) 2nd degree AV block?
- Progressive lengthening of PR interval, prolongation prior to a dropped QRS
- Grouped beats
- Progressive lengthening of the PR interval results from earlier arrival in relative refractory period of the AV conduction
Etiology of Mobitz I?
- All things that cause 1 AV block
- Digitalis toxicity
- Ischemic events particularly Inferior MI
- Myocarditis
What will a QRS complex look like on a second degree AV block Mobitz type 1?
Narrow
What is this
- Inferior wall MI-ST elevations
- Lead 2 rhythm strip on the bottom has 4 beats followed by dropped QRS
- Each PR interval before the dropped beat is longer and longer
- Mobitz I 4:3 (4 atrial beats to 3 ventricular beats)
What is Mobitz type II 2nd degree AV block is seen with what? What is the prognosis and why?
- Seen in anterior wall infarctions
- Worse prognosis than Mobitz I
- Because the block is distal to AV node
- occurs at bundle HIS
- both bundle branches
- Fascicular branches
What happens with the PR interval on Mobitz II?
- It is normal, there is no prolongation before dropping a QRS, it occurs randomly
What is third degree heart block? What is the solution if it is sustained? Where does it occur?
- aka complete heart block
- P waves don’t relate to QRS, two independent rhythms are present
- pacemaker is solution
- Can occur above or below AV node
Where does 3rd degree heart block occur and what is the rate of each? What do QRS complexes look like?
- Above has a junctional rhythm with narrow QRS rate of 40-55
- Below AV has ventricular pacemaker with a wide QRS and rate of 20-40
what is happening?
- complete heart block
- Independent atrial activity
- junctional escape rhythm bc QRS is narrow and rate is in 50’s
- P waves are at rate of 125
what is this?
1 AVB
What are the characteristics of bungle branch blocks?
- Wide QRS complex greater than three small squares 0.12 seconds
- ST segment has T waves sloping off in opposite direction to the QRS
What leads do you look at for a right bundle branch block?
V1
AVL
V6
V2
Morphology of leads for a RBBB?
R, S, Rprime
Complete right bungle branch block
Wide QRS
What is happening
- lead 1 deep S wave and similar on AVL and V6
- RSR’ on V1 and widening on V2
- Complete RBBB
What is LBBB?
- Q wave is missisng
- Should be seen in V5 and V6 but not there
- monophasic R, wide RS
What leads do you look at for LBBB
Leads I
and AVL
V1 and V6
What is a Hemiblock?
- Blockage of one of two main divisions of the left bundle branch
What type of hemiblock is more common?
Left anterior hemiblock (LAH)
Criteria for left anterior hemiblock (fascicular) block?
- Left axis deviation, usually >-60
- Small Q in leads I and AVL
- Small R in II, III and AVF
- Increased QRS voltage in limb leads
What is the crierria for left posterior hemiblock?
- Right axis deviation greater than 120
- Small R in leads I and AVL
- Small Q in II III and AVF
- Usually normal QRS
- Increased voltage in QRS limb leads
Etiology of LAH?
- Conduction system often associated with MI (LAD occlusion)
what is this?
- Left Anterior Hemiblock
- Left axis deviation
- small Q leads in I and AVL
- Small R in II III and AVF
what is this?
- Left posterior hemiblock
- Right axis
- Small R in I and AVL
- Small Q in II III and AVF
What causes Atrial enlargement?
- Response to increase volume in the chamber
- Increase resistance to blood flow out of the chamber
What will RAE show on an ECG?
- Tall & pointed
What causes Right atrial enlargement?
- Tricuspid valve disease or underlying pulmonary disease
- Mitral Stenosis or Mitral Regurgitation cause pulmonary hypertension
What is this?
Right atrial enlargement
What will LAE show on ECG?
- P mitrale (“M” signs to P wave)
Notched P wave
What causes LAE?
- MS
- MR
What is this?
- LAE
- B is wide and deep negative component of P wave
- A has M shaped P wave
What are A B and C?
- A is LAE
- B is RAE
- C is P waves originating out of AV node
What is the most common cause of LVH?
- Hypertension
- other causes include AS, AR, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and coarctation of aorta
HOw will QRSS respond to LVH?
- QRS voltage and interval will increase producing deeper S waves over RV and taller R waves over LV
what is this?
- R wave in AVL is 17 mm in height
- R wave in V6 is 25+
- ST segment in V6 slopes down (strain pattern)
- Left ventricle hypertrophy
Voltage is huge usually indicates hypertrophy
this is LVH
What are some indications for RVH?
- RAD 90 or more
- R voltage increased
- R:S ratio greater than 1
What causes RVH?
- Chronic lung disease
- RVOT obstruction
- VSD
- Tetralogoy of fallot
- Pulmonic stenoisis
- Tratnsposition vessels
- MS
- TR
What does having a low or high K do to the heart?
- High: slows conduction, raises resting membrane potential, and widens QRS
- Low: lowers resting mem pot, enhances automaticity
What does having a high or low Ca do the heart?
- Low: prolongs QT interval, triggers arrhythmias
- High: shortens QT
What causes hypokalemia?
- Diuretics
- Metabolic alkalosis
- high aldosterone
- Beta agonist OD
- Diarrhea
What does ECG of hypokalemia show?
- U waves
- Increase QT interval
- Flat or inverted T
What do arrows show?
U waves of Hypokalemia
Etiology of hyperkalemia?
- Renal failure
- Metabolic acidosis
- DKA
- cell breakdown
ECG of hyperkalemia?
- Peaked T wave
- Wide QRS
- Increased PR interval
- Loss of P wave
what is happening, what could be wrong with this patient?
- Hyperkalemia possibly due to CKD
- no P waves
- Wide bizzarre QRS
- Magnitude of T wave is very tall pointed and peaked
Etiology of Hypercalcemia?
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Malignancy
- Granulomatous disorder
- Endocrine disorders such as adrenal insufficiency and hyperthyroid
What does ECG of Hypercalcemia show?
- QT interval shortened
- Short ST segment
Helpful pic
How will hypothermia present?
- Bradycardia
- J wave (notch of T wave)
- Temp less than 35 (95)
Pulmonary embolus symptoms?
- Sudden dyspnea clear lung normal x ray
- Tachy
What will PE show on ECG?
- S1 Q3 T3
- T wave inversion seen on V1-V4
- Transient RBBB
- Non specific ST-T changes
What is wolff parkinson-White syndrome (WPW)?
- Short PR interval
- Slurred upstroke of QRS (delta wave)
- Accessory AV conduction pathway (bypasses normal AV conduction)
- They are prone to suddenly develop fast heart rates, born with it
What is Brugada syndrome?
- RBBB with ST elevation (looks like skii slope)
- These people are susceptible to deadly arrhythmias
- Asian males AD
- Due to sodium channelopathy
WPW
What is Wellens syndrome?
- diffuse T wave inversion in V2 and V3
- LAD stenosis
Long QT syndrome?
- QT interval more than half of the cardiac cycle
- Predisposed to ventricular arrhythmias