Jezykoznastwo Flashcards
1
Q
The word UFO is a result of the morphological process of
A
ACRONYM
2
Q
The word chorus, grammar, school, demon were borrowed into English in The Old English period and were of
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LATIN
3
Q
Phonemically identical but graphically and semantically different words right-write
A
HOMOPHONES
4
Q
The verb to baby-sit is a result of morphological process of
A
COMPOUNDING
5
Q
The unique properry of human language which makes it possible for humans to talk about past and future events, distatnt places and imaginary characters is called
A
DISPLACMENT
6
Q
the semantic relation of …………. Captures the idea od ‘a kind of’ as when you define the meaning d
A
HYPONYMY
7
Q
Polish belongs to the …… geoup of Ptoro-indo European language family
A
SLAVIC
8
Q
The language oof vikings when they invaded the Anglo-Saxon was
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OLD NORSE
9
Q
A …… is an artificially created language used for communication among people who do not know each others language.; it does not have native speakers and has simple grammar and lexis
A
PIDGIN
10
Q
Scots Gaelic and Irish belong to the ….. group of eauropean language
A
CELTIC
11
Q
…. is a subdisipline of linguistics that deals with the dictionary meaning of words, phrases and sentences
A
SEMANTIC
12
Q
The co-occurance of words shuch as klon (‘a maple tree’) and klon (‘a copy of’) in Polish is an example of lexical realtion of
A
HOMONYMY
13
Q
The semantic realtion of ……. captures the idea of ‘a part of’ as when you define the meaning of a lexame by saying ‘a roof is a part of a house’
A
MERONYMY
14
Q
The components of meaning that we use to describe the meaning of the word ‘boy’ as *animate, *human, * male, -adult are calles
A
SEMANTIC FEATURES
15
Q
The semantic relation of…….. captures the idea of ‘a kind of’ as when you define the meaning of a lexeme by saying ‘carrot is a kind of vegetable’
A
HYPONYMY
16
Q
The Old English alphabet was called……. by the name of its six first letters
A
FUTHORC
17
Q
…. referes to features of pronunciation and/or intonation which convey info about perons geographical originf or social class
A
ACCENT
18
Q
Spanish and Portuguese belong to the ….. language famyli
A
ITALIC
19
Q
The feature of animal communication according to which animal communication systems consists of a fixed and limited set of vocal and gestural forms is referd to as
A
FIXXED REFERENCE
20
Q
Deep structure abd surface structure are two concepts used in the transformational-…grammar developed by Noam chomsky in 1950s
A
GENERATIVE
21
Q
The word antidisestablishmentarianisms id composed of …… mrphemes
A
7
22
Q
The writing system for the earliest English was based on the use of signs called …. (meaning magic) which were devised for carving in wood or stone
A
RUNES
23
Q
One lexeme that has more than one sense (meaning) and the senses are realted e.g head (1 piece of human bosy, 2. president - of country) represent the sense ralation of
A
POLYSEMY
24
Q
The words gentle, exchequer, charity, suke were borrowed into English in Middle Period from
A
FRENCH
25
The word fridge is a result of the morhological process of
CLIPPING
26
The modyfied verison of the Greek alpahbet used in russia, Bulgaria is known as
CYRILLIC SCRIPT
27
The linguist who prposed a binary model of language and introduced the concepts of ‘signife’ and ‘significant’ was
FREDINAND de SAUSSERE
28
English belongs to …. language group
GERMANIC
29
…. is a subdiscipline of linguistic that deals with speaker-intended and context-dependent meaning f word, phrases and sentences
PRAGMATICS
30
The Germanic invaders in the 5th century called the native Celts … ‘foreigners
WEALAS
31
The adjectives deadand alive are examples of …. antonyms
NON-GRADABLE
32
… is the study of the internal struture of lexemes (of hw complex words are built)
MORPHOLOGY
33
The words sky, skirt, they are of …… origin and were borrowed into English in the Old English period
OLD NORSE
34
The semantic relation of……. captures the idea od ‘a part of’ as when you define the meaning of a lexeme by saying ‘a spoke is a paart of a wheel’
MERONYMY
35
The word Obamanomics is a result of the morphological process of
BLENDING
36
The co-occurance of words shuch as pupil(a student) and pupil ( part of eye) in english is example of lexixal realtion of
HOMONYMY
37
The person who arranged for many LATIN WORKS TO BE TRANSLATED INTO OLD ENGLISH and defendend england against vikings in 849-899 is
KING ALFRED THE GREAT
38
The word quack-quack is a result of morphological process of
REDUPLICATION
39
A regional …… referes t features of grammar and vocabulary which convey info about persons geagrophical origin
DIALECT
40
Is one of the unique features of human language stating the realtion between the signife and significant, form and meaning is conventional, not natural
ARBITRARINESS
41
The word ‘appointment’ is a result of sufixxation and the attachment of a ……. suffix
DERIVATIONAL
42
The term introduced by Ferdinand de Saussure to refer the abstract knowledge of language
LANGUE
43
Estonian belongs to
URAL-ALTAIC
44
The first man to suggest that number of languages form vary different geographical areas and times must have common ancestor was ….. in 1786
SIR WILLIAM JONES
45
Deep structure and surface structure are two concepts used in the ……. grammar developed by Noam Chomsky in 1950s
TRANSFORMATIONAL-GENERATIVE
46
Words which exist in different languages, have a similar graphic foram and are or were used with a similar meaning are called …. matka, mamma
COGNATES
47
The word passable, as in the ‘exam is passable’ is a result of morphological process of
AFFIXATION
48
The word lawlessness used recently by Joe Biden is a result
SUFFIXATION
49
…. were. symbols used in the writing system of the Summerians, in which one complex symbol represented the meaning of one lexeme still used in modern chinease
LOGORAMS
50
A …… is a reeesult of creating a completly new word without using any e3xisting words
COINAGE
51
The word BRANGELINA is a result of the
BLENDING
52
Hungarian belonges to …. language
URAL-ALTAIC
53
The term introduced by Ferdinad de Saussaure to refer to the actual act of speaking or writing i.e to the very act of language production is
PAROLE
54
The suffix in the words shorter and wiser are
INFLECTIONAL
55
One lexeme that has more then one sense (meaning) and the senses are related e.g mouse 1 a rodent 2 computer mouse represent the sense relation of
POLYSYEMY
56
The change/process by which the meaning of the word ‘Trojan House’ is broadened to mean ‘computer malware’ is known as.….. extension
METAPHORICAL
57
The phrase an old car salesman …1.. surface structure and/but …2… deep structures accoring to Chromsky
1,2
58
…. is the study of the internal structure of lexemes (of how complex words are build)
MORPHOLOGY
59
The sentence They saw the gas can explode has …1. surface structure but/and …2. deep (different) structure, according to Noam Chomsky’s transformationl-generative grammar
1,2
60
One lexeme that has more than one sense (meaning) and the senses are related e.g dealer ( a person…, a person selling drugs) represents the semantic relation of
POLYSEMY
61
Old Norse was a language used by
VIKINGS
62
The word unsuccessful is compsed of three morphemes: success is the base, un- is…., -ful is…
PREFIX, SUFFIX
63
The two components of F. de Saussures model of linguistic sign are…. and the realtion between them is purely ….. which means there is no natural connection, no physica resemblance between language form and its meaning
SIGNIFIE AND SIGNIFICANT, ARBITARY
64
The components of meaning that we use to describe the meaning of the word ‘woman’ +animal +human +fmele +adut are called
SEMANTIC FEATURES
65
The lexical realtion of ….. referes to the coexistance of two lexemes which happen to have identical graphic and phonetic form but different unrelated meanings e.g bar - a pre… unit and bar - a place
HOMONYM
66
Words which exist in different languages, have similar graphic form and are, or were used with a similar meaning are called
COGNATES
67
Suffixes mark morpho-syntactic functions such as the plural of noun (-es0, the past form of verbs (-ed) or the superlative (-est)
INFLECTIONAL
68
The … marked a new period in the history of English known as Middle English Period
BATTLE OF HASTINGS
69
A …. referes to features of pronunciation which convey info about a perosns geographical origin
REGIONAL VARIATION
70
The term introduces by Noam Chomsky to refer to the abstract knowledge of language, its vocabulary and grammatical rules is
COMPETENCE
71
When you say “its really cold here” but you mean “ Please close the window” you use… speech act
INDIRECT
72
Sanskrit was an ancient indo-eauropean language spoken in
INDIA
73
All natural languages have those 2 components
1. Competence - knowledge of grammar and vocabulary
2. Performance - act of using
Noam Chomsky 20th c
74
Artificially created language when pidgin becomes a real, learned language
Creole
75
Idiolect
Individual dialect
76
Ethnolect
Languages spoken by ethnic communities
77
Slang, secret language (one of criminals)
Argot
78
Refers to all the words in a given language
Lexicon
79
Lexeme
Word
80
The study of the form, meaning, and behaviour of language
Lexicology
81
Computation of dictionaries
Lexicography
82
British dictionary
Oxford English Dictionary
83
American dictionary
Webster’s of American English
84
Basic level of grammar, holds no meaning
Pnonology
85
Words are meaningful units of grammar. Deals with internal structure of individual words
Morphology
86
BrSl
Independent
87
AmSl
Dependent
88
Add meaning to what you say
Prosadoic features
89
Memory, personality, intelligence, social background, personal experience, background (people)
Personal variation
90
Social class, occupation, sex, age, ethnicity (society)
Social variation
91
Intranational (dialect, accent) vs international (BrE, AmE) geography
Regional variation
92
Long term (eng) vs short term (language of a small child)
Temporal variation
93
Matter of a social convention that words are attached to the meaning
Arbitrariness
94
The study of sounds in language
Phonology
95
Study of the internal structure of words
Morphology
96
The arrangement of words and phrases to create sentences in a specific language
Syntax
97
Study of dictionary meanings in a language
Semantics
98
Study of how context contributes to meaning
Pragmatics
99
The study of the form, meaning and behaviour of words
Lexicology
100
Ability to talk about unreal objects, places, mythical creatures, time
Displacement
101
No natural connection between words and the meaning that they convey
Arbitrariness
102
New vocabulary appearing, no ends to the words that we can produce
Productivity (open-endedness)
103
We have to pass our language on to our children so it doesn’t disappear
Cultural transmission
104
Sounds used in a language as a combination are meaningfully district/descrete
Discreetness
105
Duality/double articulation
Very economical feature
106
Written in 3 languages, before discovered no deciphering hieroglyphics
The Rosetta Stone
107
Pictures represented images in consistent way, Ancient Egypt, language independent everyone can understand them
Pictograms
108
Simplified version of pictograms, did it show objects but abstract meanings, had to be learn
Ideograms
109
Symbols used to represent whole words Chinese, relationship between written form and meanings is arbitrary- the symbol doesn’t resemble the object it names
Logograms
110
Symbols represented the pronunciation of syllables, echa symbol represents the sylab, Japanese
Syllabic writing
111
Set of symbols where each represents a single type of sound Hebrew, Arabic
Alphabetic writing
112
Amateur linguist, 1786- found similarities between Sanskrit (India) and classical languages (cognates), grouping
sir William Jones
113
Words used in different languages similar in spelling and meaning
Cognates
114
Organazing languages based on their similarities and differences to understand their historical relationships
Comparative reconstruction
115
Dictionary meaning, arbitrary meaning, conceptual meaning (in dictionary, shared by all)
Semantics
116
Semantic features
Components of meaning
117
(Dictionary) The same word has slightly different meaning for every speaker tree- oak,willow etc
Cognitive definition
118
All the words we have in a language are interrelated in various ways
Lexical relations
119
Words with similar meaning
Synonymy
120
Words with opposite meaning gradable vs non-gradable
Antonomy
121
Same pronunciation diff spelling
Homophony
122
Hyponymy
Kind of
123
Meronymy
A part of
124
Polysemy
Word with many meanings
125
Homonymy
The same word
126
The smelliest unit of language it can’t be divided into smaller unit e.g boy
Morph
127
Collection of identical morphs.
A class of phonemically and semantically identical morphs
Allomorph
128
Smallest structural unit possessing meaning e.g read-er
Morpheme
129
Carry principal meaning in a structure hope in hopeful
Bases (roots)
130
Have no free allomorphs (if you pronounce them separately they have no meaning). Always appear with a base
read-Er UnhelpFul
Affixes (bound morphemes)
131
Prefixes
Before the base
UNhappy
132
Suffixes
After the base
housING
133
Infixes
Your attitude
abso-BLOODY-lutely
134
Interfixes
In between two bases
speed-O-meter
135
Deals with the methods of forming new Lexie’s from already existing ones
read -> reader
Derivational morphology
136
Production of word forms or a lexeme marking or morpho-syntactic categories: number, person, gender etc.
Long->longer
Inflectional morphology
137
The new word may be of a different grammatical category than the base (not all words do that)
May be followed by other affixes
Derivational affixes
138
Inflectional suffixes
-s,
-s,
-ea,
-ea,
-Ing,
-er
-est
-‘s
139
The new word form is of the same grammatical category (noun,adj,etc) as the base
Inflectional affixes
140
Affixation
Prefixation
Suffixation
Infixation
141
Adding one free base to another
SunRise
Compounding
142
Assigning the base a different category, without adding an affix
Conversion
143
Involves repetition of the whole base or just part of it
Reduplication
144
Denotes the subtraction of one or more syllables from a word
Clipping
145
Fragments of two or more basic words are put together to make a single lexeme
Blending
146
Words formed from initial letters of words:
Alphabetism - separate letters TV
Acronym
proper- pronounced as words NATO
Syllable-words- Benelux
Acronymy
147
Involves elimination of independent suffix beggar->beg
Back-formation
148
Ecnoic (onomatopoeic) words
Imitative - meow moo
Symbolic - splash bump
149
Imitate instinctive vocal responses to emotional situations- haha, phew
Ejaculations (natural utterances)
150
A word used to describe more specific concept and overtime refer to more inclusive concept H.Paul (1886)
Broadening/widening of meaning
151
A word with a promesy broad application is reanalysed as having a narrower application H.Paul (1886)
Narrowing of meaning
152
A complete change of meaning H.Paul 1886
Shift of meaning
153
The word moves from a lower register to a higher register, from negative connotations to positive K. Jaberg 1901
Amelioration
154
A word moves downwards socially or emotionally K.Jaberg 1901
Pejoration
155
Similarity of senses virus-computer malware S.Ullman 1942
Metaphor
156
Contiguity of sense invention/discovery after inventor Volt
Metonymy
157
Similarity in sounds (of names)
Folk etymology
158
Contiguity of names
Ellipsis
