Jezykoznastwo Flashcards
The word UFO is a result of the morphological process of
ACRONYM
The word chorus, grammar, school, demon were borrowed into English in The Old English period and were of
LATIN
Phonemically identical but graphically and semantically different words right-write
HOMOPHONES
The verb to baby-sit is a result of morphological process of
COMPOUNDING
The unique properry of human language which makes it possible for humans to talk about past and future events, distatnt places and imaginary characters is called
DISPLACMENT
the semantic relation of …………. Captures the idea od ‘a kind of’ as when you define the meaning d
HYPONYMY
Polish belongs to the …… geoup of Ptoro-indo European language family
SLAVIC
The language oof vikings when they invaded the Anglo-Saxon was
OLD NORSE
A …… is an artificially created language used for communication among people who do not know each others language.; it does not have native speakers and has simple grammar and lexis
PIDGIN
Scots Gaelic and Irish belong to the ….. group of eauropean language
CELTIC
…. is a subdisipline of linguistics that deals with the dictionary meaning of words, phrases and sentences
SEMANTIC
The co-occurance of words shuch as klon (‘a maple tree’) and klon (‘a copy of’) in Polish is an example of lexical realtion of
HOMONYMY
The semantic realtion of ……. captures the idea of ‘a part of’ as when you define the meaning of a lexame by saying ‘a roof is a part of a house’
MERONYMY
The components of meaning that we use to describe the meaning of the word ‘boy’ as *animate, *human, * male, -adult are calles
SEMANTIC FEATURES
The semantic relation of…….. captures the idea of ‘a kind of’ as when you define the meaning of a lexeme by saying ‘carrot is a kind of vegetable’
HYPONYMY
The Old English alphabet was called……. by the name of its six first letters
FUTHORC
…. referes to features of pronunciation and/or intonation which convey info about perons geographical originf or social class
ACCENT
Spanish and Portuguese belong to the ….. language famyli
ITALIC
The feature of animal communication according to which animal communication systems consists of a fixed and limited set of vocal and gestural forms is referd to as
FIXXED REFERENCE
Deep structure abd surface structure are two concepts used in the transformational-…grammar developed by Noam chomsky in 1950s
GENERATIVE
The word antidisestablishmentarianisms id composed of …… mrphemes
7
The writing system for the earliest English was based on the use of signs called …. (meaning magic) which were devised for carving in wood or stone
RUNES
One lexeme that has more than one sense (meaning) and the senses are realted e.g head (1 piece of human bosy, 2. president - of country) represent the sense ralation of
POLYSEMY
The words gentle, exchequer, charity, suke were borrowed into English in Middle Period from
FRENCH
The word fridge is a result of the morhological process of
CLIPPING
The modyfied verison of the Greek alpahbet used in russia, Bulgaria is known as
CYRILLIC SCRIPT
The linguist who prposed a binary model of language and introduced the concepts of ‘signife’ and ‘significant’ was
FREDINAND de SAUSSERE
English belongs to …. language group
GERMANIC
…. is a subdiscipline of linguistic that deals with speaker-intended and context-dependent meaning f word, phrases and sentences
PRAGMATICS
The Germanic invaders in the 5th century called the native Celts … ‘foreigners
WEALAS
The adjectives deadand alive are examples of …. antonyms
NON-GRADABLE
… is the study of the internal struture of lexemes (of hw complex words are built)
MORPHOLOGY
The words sky, skirt, they are of …… origin and were borrowed into English in the Old English period
OLD NORSE
The semantic relation of……. captures the idea od ‘a part of’ as when you define the meaning of a lexeme by saying ‘a spoke is a paart of a wheel’
MERONYMY
The word Obamanomics is a result of the morphological process of
BLENDING
The co-occurance of words shuch as pupil(a student) and pupil ( part of eye) in english is example of lexixal realtion of
HOMONYMY
The person who arranged for many LATIN WORKS TO BE TRANSLATED INTO OLD ENGLISH and defendend england against vikings in 849-899 is
KING ALFRED THE GREAT
The word quack-quack is a result of morphological process of
REDUPLICATION
A regional …… referes t features of grammar and vocabulary which convey info about persons geagrophical origin
DIALECT
Is one of the unique features of human language stating the realtion between the signife and significant, form and meaning is conventional, not natural
ARBITRARINESS
The word ‘appointment’ is a result of sufixxation and the attachment of a ……. suffix
DERIVATIONAL
The term introduced by Ferdinand de Saussure to refer the abstract knowledge of language
LANGUE
Estonian belongs to
URAL-ALTAIC
The first man to suggest that number of languages form vary different geographical areas and times must have common ancestor was ….. in 1786
SIR WILLIAM JONES
Deep structure and surface structure are two concepts used in the ……. grammar developed by Noam Chomsky in 1950s
TRANSFORMATIONAL-GENERATIVE
Words which exist in different languages, have a similar graphic foram and are or were used with a similar meaning are called …. matka, mamma
COGNATES
The word passable, as in the ‘exam is passable’ is a result of morphological process of
AFFIXATION
The word lawlessness used recently by Joe Biden is a result
SUFFIXATION
…. were. symbols used in the writing system of the Summerians, in which one complex symbol represented the meaning of one lexeme still used in modern chinease
LOGORAMS
A …… is a reeesult of creating a completly new word without using any e3xisting words
COINAGE
The word BRANGELINA is a result of the
BLENDING
Hungarian belonges to …. language
URAL-ALTAIC
The term introduced by Ferdinad de Saussaure to refer to the actual act of speaking or writing i.e to the very act of language production is
PAROLE
The suffix in the words shorter and wiser are
INFLECTIONAL
One lexeme that has more then one sense (meaning) and the senses are related e.g mouse 1 a rodent 2 computer mouse represent the sense relation of
POLYSYEMY
The change/process by which the meaning of the word ‘Trojan House’ is broadened to mean ‘computer malware’ is known as.….. extension
METAPHORICAL
The phrase an old car salesman …1.. surface structure and/but …2… deep structures accoring to Chromsky
1,2
…. is the study of the internal structure of lexemes (of how complex words are build)
MORPHOLOGY
The sentence They saw the gas can explode has …1. surface structure but/and …2. deep (different) structure, according to Noam Chomsky’s transformationl-generative grammar
1,2
One lexeme that has more than one sense (meaning) and the senses are related e.g dealer ( a person…, a person selling drugs) represents the semantic relation of
POLYSEMY
Old Norse was a language used by
VIKINGS
The word unsuccessful is compsed of three morphemes: success is the base, un- is…., -ful is…
PREFIX, SUFFIX
The two components of F. de Saussures model of linguistic sign are…. and the realtion between them is purely ….. which means there is no natural connection, no physica resemblance between language form and its meaning
SIGNIFIE AND SIGNIFICANT, ARBITARY
The components of meaning that we use to describe the meaning of the word ‘woman’ +animal +human +fmele +adut are called
SEMANTIC FEATURES
The lexical realtion of ….. referes to the coexistance of two lexemes which happen to have identical graphic and phonetic form but different unrelated meanings e.g bar - a pre… unit and bar - a place
HOMONYM
Words which exist in different languages, have similar graphic form and are, or were used with a similar meaning are called
COGNATES
Suffixes mark morpho-syntactic functions such as the plural of noun (-es0, the past form of verbs (-ed) or the superlative (-est)
INFLECTIONAL
The … marked a new period in the history of English known as Middle English Period
BATTLE OF HASTINGS
A …. referes to features of pronunciation which convey info about a perosns geographical origin
REGIONAL VARIATION
The term introduces by Noam Chomsky to refer to the abstract knowledge of language, its vocabulary and grammatical rules is
COMPETENCE
When you say “its really cold here” but you mean “ Please close the window” you use… speech act
INDIRECT
Sanskrit was an ancient indo-eauropean language spoken in
INDIA
All natural languages have those 2 components
- Competence - knowledge of grammar and vocabulary
- Performance - act of using
Noam Chomsky 20th c
Artificially created language when pidgin becomes a real, learned language
Creole
Idiolect
Individual dialect
Ethnolect
Languages spoken by ethnic communities
Slang, secret language (one of criminals)
Argot
Refers to all the words in a given language
Lexicon
Lexeme
Word
The study of the form, meaning, and behaviour of language
Lexicology
Computation of dictionaries
Lexicography
British dictionary
Oxford English Dictionary
American dictionary
Webster’s of American English
Basic level of grammar, holds no meaning
Pnonology
Words are meaningful units of grammar. Deals with internal structure of individual words
Morphology
BrSl
Independent
AmSl
Dependent
Add meaning to what you say
Prosadoic features
Memory, personality, intelligence, social background, personal experience, background (people)
Personal variation
Social class, occupation, sex, age, ethnicity (society)
Social variation
Intranational (dialect, accent) vs international (BrE, AmE) geography
Regional variation
Long term (eng) vs short term (language of a small child)
Temporal variation
Matter of a social convention that words are attached to the meaning
Arbitrariness
The study of sounds in language
Phonology
Study of the internal structure of words
Morphology
The arrangement of words and phrases to create sentences in a specific language
Syntax
Study of dictionary meanings in a language
Semantics
Study of how context contributes to meaning
Pragmatics
The study of the form, meaning and behaviour of words
Lexicology
Ability to talk about unreal objects, places, mythical creatures, time
Displacement
No natural connection between words and the meaning that they convey
Arbitrariness
New vocabulary appearing, no ends to the words that we can produce
Productivity (open-endedness)
We have to pass our language on to our children so it doesn’t disappear
Cultural transmission
Sounds used in a language as a combination are meaningfully district/descrete
Discreetness
Duality/double articulation
Very economical feature
Written in 3 languages, before discovered no deciphering hieroglyphics
The Rosetta Stone
Pictures represented images in consistent way, Ancient Egypt, language independent everyone can understand them
Pictograms
Simplified version of pictograms, did it show objects but abstract meanings, had to be learn
Ideograms
Symbols used to represent whole words Chinese, relationship between written form and meanings is arbitrary- the symbol doesn’t resemble the object it names
Logograms
Symbols represented the pronunciation of syllables, echa symbol represents the sylab, Japanese
Syllabic writing
Set of symbols where each represents a single type of sound Hebrew, Arabic
Alphabetic writing
Amateur linguist, 1786- found similarities between Sanskrit (India) and classical languages (cognates), grouping
sir William Jones
Words used in different languages similar in spelling and meaning
Cognates
Organazing languages based on their similarities and differences to understand their historical relationships
Comparative reconstruction
Dictionary meaning, arbitrary meaning, conceptual meaning (in dictionary, shared by all)
Semantics
Semantic features
Components of meaning
(Dictionary) The same word has slightly different meaning for every speaker tree- oak,willow etc
Cognitive definition
All the words we have in a language are interrelated in various ways
Lexical relations
Words with similar meaning
Synonymy
Words with opposite meaning gradable vs non-gradable
Antonomy
Same pronunciation diff spelling
Homophony
Hyponymy
Kind of
Meronymy
A part of
Polysemy
Word with many meanings
Homonymy
The same word
The smelliest unit of language it can’t be divided into smaller unit e.g boy
Morph
Collection of identical morphs.
A class of phonemically and semantically identical morphs
Allomorph
Smallest structural unit possessing meaning e.g read-er
Morpheme
Carry principal meaning in a structure hope in hopeful
Bases (roots)
Have no free allomorphs (if you pronounce them separately they have no meaning). Always appear with a base
read-Er UnhelpFul
Affixes (bound morphemes)
Prefixes
Before the base
UNhappy
Suffixes
After the base
housING
Infixes
Your attitude
abso-BLOODY-lutely
Interfixes
In between two bases
speed-O-meter
Deals with the methods of forming new Lexie’s from already existing ones
read -> reader
Derivational morphology
Production of word forms or a lexeme marking or morpho-syntactic categories: number, person, gender etc.
Long->longer
Inflectional morphology
The new word may be of a different grammatical category than the base (not all words do that)
May be followed by other affixes
Derivational affixes
Inflectional suffixes
-s,
-s,
-ea,
-ea,
-Ing,
-er
-est
-‘s
The new word form is of the same grammatical category (noun,adj,etc) as the base
Inflectional affixes
Affixation
Prefixation
Suffixation
Infixation
Adding one free base to another
SunRise
Compounding
Assigning the base a different category, without adding an affix
Conversion
Involves repetition of the whole base or just part of it
Reduplication
Denotes the subtraction of one or more syllables from a word
Clipping
Fragments of two or more basic words are put together to make a single lexeme
Blending
Words formed from initial letters of words:
Alphabetism - separate letters TV
Acronym
proper- pronounced as words NATO
Syllable-words- Benelux
Acronymy
Involves elimination of independent suffix beggar->beg
Back-formation
Ecnoic (onomatopoeic) words
Imitative - meow moo
Symbolic - splash bump
Imitate instinctive vocal responses to emotional situations- haha, phew
Ejaculations (natural utterances)
A word used to describe more specific concept and overtime refer to more inclusive concept H.Paul (1886)
Broadening/widening of meaning
A word with a promesy broad application is reanalysed as having a narrower application H.Paul (1886)
Narrowing of meaning
A complete change of meaning H.Paul 1886
Shift of meaning
The word moves from a lower register to a higher register, from negative connotations to positive K. Jaberg 1901
Amelioration
A word moves downwards socially or emotionally K.Jaberg 1901
Pejoration
Similarity of senses virus-computer malware S.Ullman 1942
Metaphor
Contiguity of sense invention/discovery after inventor Volt
Metonymy
Similarity in sounds (of names)
Folk etymology
Contiguity of names
Ellipsis
