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Jezykoznastwo Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

The word UFO is a result of the morphological process of

A

ACRONYM

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2
Q

The word chorus, grammar, school, demon were borrowed into English in The Old English period and were of

A

LATIN

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3
Q

Phonemically identical but graphically and semantically different words right-write

A

HOMOPHONES

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4
Q

The verb to baby-sit is a result of morphological process of

A

COMPOUNDING

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5
Q

The unique properry of human language which makes it possible for humans to talk about past and future events, distatnt places and imaginary characters is called

A

DISPLACMENT

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6
Q

the semantic relation of …………. Captures the idea od ‘a kind of’ as when you define the meaning d

A

HYPONYMY

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7
Q

Polish belongs to the …… geoup of Ptoro-indo European language family

A

SLAVIC

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8
Q

The language oof vikings when they invaded the Anglo-Saxon was

A

OLD NORSE

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9
Q

A …… is an artificially created language used for communication among people who do not know each others language.; it does not have native speakers and has simple grammar and lexis

A

PIDGIN

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10
Q

Scots Gaelic and Irish belong to the ….. group of eauropean language

A

CELTIC

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11
Q

…. is a subdisipline of linguistics that deals with the dictionary meaning of words, phrases and sentences

A

SEMANTIC

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12
Q

The co-occurance of words shuch as klon (‘a maple tree’) and klon (‘a copy of’) in Polish is an example of lexical realtion of

A

HOMONYMY

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13
Q

The semantic realtion of ……. captures the idea of ‘a part of’ as when you define the meaning of a lexame by saying ‘a roof is a part of a house’

A

MERONYMY

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14
Q

The components of meaning that we use to describe the meaning of the word ‘boy’ as *animate, *human, * male, -adult are calles

A

SEMANTIC FEATURES

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15
Q

The semantic relation of…….. captures the idea of ‘a kind of’ as when you define the meaning of a lexeme by saying ‘carrot is a kind of vegetable’

A

HYPONYMY

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16
Q

The Old English alphabet was called……. by the name of its six first letters

A

FUTHORC

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17
Q

…. referes to features of pronunciation and/or intonation which convey info about perons geographical originf or social class

A

ACCENT

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18
Q

Spanish and Portuguese belong to the ….. language famyli

A

ITALIC

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19
Q

The feature of animal communication according to which animal communication systems consists of a fixed and limited set of vocal and gestural forms is referd to as

A

FIXXED REFERENCE

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20
Q

Deep structure abd surface structure are two concepts used in the transformational-…grammar developed by Noam chomsky in 1950s

A

GENERATIVE

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21
Q

The word antidisestablishmentarianisms id composed of …… mrphemes

A

7

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22
Q

The writing system for the earliest English was based on the use of signs called …. (meaning magic) which were devised for carving in wood or stone

A

RUNES

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23
Q

One lexeme that has more than one sense (meaning) and the senses are realted e.g head (1 piece of human bosy, 2. president - of country) represent the sense ralation of

A

POLYSEMY

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24
Q

The words gentle, exchequer, charity, suke were borrowed into English in Middle Period from

A

FRENCH

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25
Q

The word fridge is a result of the morhological process of

A

CLIPPING

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26
Q

The modyfied verison of the Greek alpahbet used in russia, Bulgaria is known as

A

CYRILLIC SCRIPT

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27
Q

The linguist who prposed a binary model of language and introduced the concepts of ‘signife’ and ‘significant’ was

A

FREDINAND de SAUSSERE

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28
Q

English belongs to …. language group

A

GERMANIC

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29
Q

…. is a subdiscipline of linguistic that deals with speaker-intended and context-dependent meaning f word, phrases and sentences

A

PRAGMATICS

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30
Q

The Germanic invaders in the 5th century called the native Celts … ‘foreigners

A

WEALAS

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31
Q

The adjectives deadand alive are examples of …. antonyms

A

NON-GRADABLE

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32
Q

… is the study of the internal struture of lexemes (of hw complex words are built)

A

MORPHOLOGY

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33
Q

The words sky, skirt, they are of …… origin and were borrowed into English in the Old English period

A

OLD NORSE

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34
Q

The semantic relation of……. captures the idea od ‘a part of’ as when you define the meaning of a lexeme by saying ‘a spoke is a paart of a wheel’

A

MERONYMY

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35
Q

The word Obamanomics is a result of the morphological process of

A

BLENDING

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36
Q

The co-occurance of words shuch as pupil(a student) and pupil ( part of eye) in english is example of lexixal realtion of

A

HOMONYMY

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37
Q

The person who arranged for many LATIN WORKS TO BE TRANSLATED INTO OLD ENGLISH and defendend england against vikings in 849-899 is

A

KING ALFRED THE GREAT

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38
Q

The word quack-quack is a result of morphological process of

A

REDUPLICATION

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39
Q

A regional …… referes t features of grammar and vocabulary which convey info about persons geagrophical origin

A

DIALECT

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40
Q

Is one of the unique features of human language stating the realtion between the signife and significant, form and meaning is conventional, not natural

A

ARBITRARINESS

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41
Q

The word ‘appointment’ is a result of sufixxation and the attachment of a ……. suffix

A

DERIVATIONAL

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42
Q

The term introduced by Ferdinand de Saussure to refer the abstract knowledge of language

A

LANGUE

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43
Q

Estonian belongs to

A

URAL-ALTAIC

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44
Q

The first man to suggest that number of languages form vary different geographical areas and times must have common ancestor was ….. in 1786

A

SIR WILLIAM JONES

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45
Q

Deep structure and surface structure are two concepts used in the ……. grammar developed by Noam Chomsky in 1950s

A

TRANSFORMATIONAL-GENERATIVE

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46
Q

Words which exist in different languages, have a similar graphic foram and are or were used with a similar meaning are called …. matka, mamma

A

COGNATES

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47
Q

The word passable, as in the ‘exam is passable’ is a result of morphological process of

A

AFFIXATION

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48
Q

The word lawlessness used recently by Joe Biden is a result

A

SUFFIXATION

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49
Q

…. were. symbols used in the writing system of the Summerians, in which one complex symbol represented the meaning of one lexeme still used in modern chinease

A

LOGORAMS

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50
Q

A …… is a reeesult of creating a completly new word without using any e3xisting words

A

COINAGE

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51
Q

The word BRANGELINA is a result of the

A

BLENDING

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52
Q

Hungarian belonges to …. language

A

URAL-ALTAIC

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53
Q

The term introduced by Ferdinad de Saussaure to refer to the actual act of speaking or writing i.e to the very act of language production is

A

PAROLE

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54
Q

The suffix in the words shorter and wiser are

A

INFLECTIONAL

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55
Q

One lexeme that has more then one sense (meaning) and the senses are related e.g mouse 1 a rodent 2 computer mouse represent the sense relation of

A

POLYSYEMY

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56
Q

The change/process by which the meaning of the word ‘Trojan House’ is broadened to mean ‘computer malware’ is known as.….. extension

A

METAPHORICAL

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57
Q

The phrase an old car salesman …1.. surface structure and/but …2… deep structures accoring to Chromsky

A

1,2

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58
Q

…. is the study of the internal structure of lexemes (of how complex words are build)

A

MORPHOLOGY

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59
Q

The sentence They saw the gas can explode has …1. surface structure but/and …2. deep (different) structure, according to Noam Chomsky’s transformationl-generative grammar

A

1,2

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60
Q

One lexeme that has more than one sense (meaning) and the senses are related e.g dealer ( a person…, a person selling drugs) represents the semantic relation of

A

POLYSEMY

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61
Q

Old Norse was a language used by

A

VIKINGS

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62
Q

The word unsuccessful is compsed of three morphemes: success is the base, un- is…., -ful is…

A

PREFIX, SUFFIX

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63
Q

The two components of F. de Saussures model of linguistic sign are…. and the realtion between them is purely ….. which means there is no natural connection, no physica resemblance between language form and its meaning

A

SIGNIFIE AND SIGNIFICANT, ARBITARY

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64
Q

The components of meaning that we use to describe the meaning of the word ‘woman’ +animal +human +fmele +adut are called

A

SEMANTIC FEATURES

65
Q

The lexical realtion of ….. referes to the coexistance of two lexemes which happen to have identical graphic and phonetic form but different unrelated meanings e.g bar - a pre… unit and bar - a place

A

HOMONYM

66
Q

Words which exist in different languages, have similar graphic form and are, or were used with a similar meaning are called

A

COGNATES

67
Q

Suffixes mark morpho-syntactic functions such as the plural of noun (-es0, the past form of verbs (-ed) or the superlative (-est)

A

INFLECTIONAL

68
Q

The … marked a new period in the history of English known as Middle English Period

A

BATTLE OF HASTINGS

69
Q

A …. referes to features of pronunciation which convey info about a perosns geographical origin

A

REGIONAL VARIATION

70
Q

The term introduces by Noam Chomsky to refer to the abstract knowledge of language, its vocabulary and grammatical rules is

A

COMPETENCE

71
Q

When you say “its really cold here” but you mean “ Please close the window” you use… speech act

A

INDIRECT

72
Q

Sanskrit was an ancient indo-eauropean language spoken in

A

INDIA

73
Q

All natural languages have those 2 components

A
  1. Competence - knowledge of grammar and vocabulary
  2. Performance - act of using
    Noam Chomsky 20th c
74
Q

Artificially created language when pidgin becomes a real, learned language

A

Creole

75
Q

Idiolect

A

Individual dialect

76
Q

Ethnolect

A

Languages spoken by ethnic communities

77
Q

Slang, secret language (one of criminals)

A

Argot

78
Q

Refers to all the words in a given language

A

Lexicon

79
Q

Lexeme

A

Word

80
Q

The study of the form, meaning, and behaviour of language

A

Lexicology

81
Q

Computation of dictionaries

A

Lexicography

82
Q

British dictionary

A

Oxford English Dictionary

83
Q

American dictionary

A

Webster’s of American English

84
Q

Basic level of grammar, holds no meaning

A

Pnonology

85
Q

Words are meaningful units of grammar. Deals with internal structure of individual words

A

Morphology

86
Q

BrSl

A

Independent

87
Q

AmSl

A

Dependent

88
Q

Add meaning to what you say

A

Prosadoic features

89
Q

Memory, personality, intelligence, social background, personal experience, background (people)

A

Personal variation

90
Q

Social class, occupation, sex, age, ethnicity (society)

A

Social variation

91
Q

Intranational (dialect, accent) vs international (BrE, AmE) geography

A

Regional variation

92
Q

Long term (eng) vs short term (language of a small child)

A

Temporal variation

93
Q

Matter of a social convention that words are attached to the meaning

A

Arbitrariness

94
Q

The study of sounds in language

A

Phonology

95
Q

Study of the internal structure of words

A

Morphology

96
Q

The arrangement of words and phrases to create sentences in a specific language

A

Syntax

97
Q

Study of dictionary meanings in a language

A

Semantics

98
Q

Study of how context contributes to meaning

A

Pragmatics

99
Q

The study of the form, meaning and behaviour of words

A

Lexicology

100
Q

Ability to talk about unreal objects, places, mythical creatures, time

A

Displacement

101
Q

No natural connection between words and the meaning that they convey

A

Arbitrariness

102
Q

New vocabulary appearing, no ends to the words that we can produce

A

Productivity (open-endedness)

103
Q

We have to pass our language on to our children so it doesn’t disappear

A

Cultural transmission

104
Q

Sounds used in a language as a combination are meaningfully district/descrete

A

Discreetness

105
Q

Duality/double articulation

A

Very economical feature

106
Q

Written in 3 languages, before discovered no deciphering hieroglyphics

A

The Rosetta Stone

107
Q

Pictures represented images in consistent way, Ancient Egypt, language independent everyone can understand them

A

Pictograms

108
Q

Simplified version of pictograms, did it show objects but abstract meanings, had to be learn

A

Ideograms

109
Q

Symbols used to represent whole words Chinese, relationship between written form and meanings is arbitrary- the symbol doesn’t resemble the object it names

A

Logograms

110
Q

Symbols represented the pronunciation of syllables, echa symbol represents the sylab, Japanese

A

Syllabic writing

111
Q

Set of symbols where each represents a single type of sound Hebrew, Arabic

A

Alphabetic writing

112
Q

Amateur linguist, 1786- found similarities between Sanskrit (India) and classical languages (cognates), grouping

A

sir William Jones

113
Q

Words used in different languages similar in spelling and meaning

A

Cognates

114
Q

Organazing languages based on their similarities and differences to understand their historical relationships

A

Comparative reconstruction

115
Q

Dictionary meaning, arbitrary meaning, conceptual meaning (in dictionary, shared by all)

A

Semantics

116
Q

Semantic features

A

Components of meaning

117
Q

(Dictionary) The same word has slightly different meaning for every speaker tree- oak,willow etc

A

Cognitive definition

118
Q

All the words we have in a language are interrelated in various ways

A

Lexical relations

119
Q

Words with similar meaning

A

Synonymy

120
Q

Words with opposite meaning gradable vs non-gradable

A

Antonomy

121
Q

Same pronunciation diff spelling

A

Homophony

122
Q

Hyponymy

A

Kind of

123
Q

Meronymy

A

A part of

124
Q

Polysemy

A

Word with many meanings

125
Q

Homonymy

A

The same word

126
Q

The smelliest unit of language it can’t be divided into smaller unit e.g boy

A

Morph

127
Q

Collection of identical morphs.
A class of phonemically and semantically identical morphs

A

Allomorph

128
Q

Smallest structural unit possessing meaning e.g read-er

A

Morpheme

129
Q

Carry principal meaning in a structure hope in hopeful

A

Bases (roots)

130
Q

Have no free allomorphs (if you pronounce them separately they have no meaning). Always appear with a base
read-Er UnhelpFul

A

Affixes (bound morphemes)

131
Q

Prefixes

A

Before the base
UNhappy

132
Q

Suffixes

A

After the base
housING

133
Q

Infixes

A

Your attitude
abso-BLOODY-lutely

134
Q

Interfixes

A

In between two bases
speed-O-meter

135
Q

Deals with the methods of forming new Lexie’s from already existing ones
read -> reader

A

Derivational morphology

136
Q

Production of word forms or a lexeme marking or morpho-syntactic categories: number, person, gender etc.
Long->longer

A

Inflectional morphology

137
Q

The new word may be of a different grammatical category than the base (not all words do that)
May be followed by other affixes

A

Derivational affixes

138
Q

Inflectional suffixes

A

-s,
-s,
-ea,
-ea,
-Ing,
-er
-est
-‘s

139
Q

The new word form is of the same grammatical category (noun,adj,etc) as the base

A

Inflectional affixes

140
Q

Affixation

A

Prefixation
Suffixation
Infixation

141
Q

Adding one free base to another
SunRise

A

Compounding

142
Q

Assigning the base a different category, without adding an affix

A

Conversion

143
Q

Involves repetition of the whole base or just part of it

A

Reduplication

144
Q

Denotes the subtraction of one or more syllables from a word

A

Clipping

145
Q

Fragments of two or more basic words are put together to make a single lexeme

A

Blending

146
Q

Words formed from initial letters of words:
Alphabetism - separate letters TV
Acronym
proper- pronounced as words NATO
Syllable-words- Benelux

A

Acronymy

147
Q

Involves elimination of independent suffix beggar->beg

A

Back-formation

148
Q

Ecnoic (onomatopoeic) words

A

Imitative - meow moo
Symbolic - splash bump

149
Q

Imitate instinctive vocal responses to emotional situations- haha, phew

A

Ejaculations (natural utterances)

150
Q

A word used to describe more specific concept and overtime refer to more inclusive concept H.Paul (1886)

A

Broadening/widening of meaning

151
Q

A word with a promesy broad application is reanalysed as having a narrower application H.Paul (1886)

A

Narrowing of meaning

152
Q

A complete change of meaning H.Paul 1886

A

Shift of meaning

153
Q

The word moves from a lower register to a higher register, from negative connotations to positive K. Jaberg 1901

A

Amelioration

154
Q

A word moves downwards socially or emotionally K.Jaberg 1901

A

Pejoration

155
Q

Similarity of senses virus-computer malware S.Ullman 1942

A

Metaphor

156
Q

Contiguity of sense invention/discovery after inventor Volt

A

Metonymy

157
Q

Similarity in sounds (of names)

A

Folk etymology

158
Q

Contiguity of names

A

Ellipsis

English (15 decks)

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