Japanese JLPT N2 文法 6

Question 1

～以来（いらい）

Answer 1

Since …

Usage: N / Vて / それ / あれ

Question 2

～以上（いじょう）

Answer 2

Now that …

Usage: V(普) / Nである

Feeling of definitely wanting to do something. i.e. Now that x has happened, I definitely want y. Same as 「～からには」

Question 3

～からには

Answer 3

Since …

Usage: Vるからには / Vたからには

Feeling of definitely wanting to do something, or that something must definitely be done because of a past action. Same as 「～からには」

Question 4

～折には

（～おりには）

Answer 4

When / ～ときには [FORMAL]

Usage: Vる / Vた / Nの
Same as saying, when x happens, or, at the time of x…..

Question 5

～から言うと

Answer 5

From the perspective of …

Usage: Nから 言うと ・ 言えば

Same as 「～からすると」and 「～から見ると」

Question 6

～からすると

Answer 6

From the perspective of/Judging from …

Usage: Nから すると ・ すれば ・ いって

Same as 「～から言うと」and 「～から見ると」

Question 7

～から見ると

Answer 7

From the perspective of …

Usage: Nから 見ると ・ 見れば ・ 見て ・ 見ても

Same as 「～からすると」and 「～から言うと」

Question 8

～からして

Answer 8

Based on …

Usage: N からして (AからしてB)

Used to make inferences. for example, if A is true, B is probably similarly true.

Question 9

～からといって

Answer 9

Just because….

Usage: V/A/na/N(普) からといって ・ からって

Just because x, doesn’t necessarily mean y is true.

Question 10

～てからでないと

Answer 10

Unless …

Usage: Vてからで　ないと ・ なければ

Unless x happens, y is not possible. (x is a prerequisite for y)

Question 11

～から～にかけて

Answer 11

From ….. to ….. [FORMAL]

Usage: N1 から N2にかけて

Same as using から/まで, but can only be used with time or place.

Question 12

～にかけては

Answer 12

When it comes to …

Usage: Nに/NのAさに/Nのnaさに
かけては ・ かけても

(Of all the people that can do x, this person/group is the best) Used to explain skill, ability, technique, etc

Question 13

～とか

Answer 13

I heard/hear that…

Usage: V/A/na/N(普) とか

when unsure if it is actually true, but it is what you have heard.

Question 14

～まい ( 1 )

Answer 14

I have decided ….

Usage: Vるまい

Subject is usually the speaker. Same grammar as 「～つもりだ」

Question 15

～まい ( 2 )

Answer 15

… won’t be able to ….

Usage: Vるまい

Subject is usually someone else. Used to show lack of faith in possibility/reality.

Question 16

～か～まいか

Answer 16

…. whether to or not ….

Usage: VようかVるまいか

Used when unsure of whether or not to do something. Same verb used twice.

Question 17

～に決めている

Answer 17

Feeling that an event is already decided or a particular outcome is the only possible outcome.

Usage: V/A/na/N(普) に決めている ・ 違いない ・ 相違ない（そういない）

Question 18

～とは限らない

Answer 18

… (despite x being true) there is a possibility of x not happening.

Usage: V/A/na/N(普) とは限らない

Same meaning as 決めていない (Inverse of 決めている)

Question 19

～よりほかない

Answer 19

There is nothing left to do but….
All I can do now is….

Usage: Vる(より)　ほかない・ほかはない

Note: can also be used for positive things, e.g. (due to x) I couldn’t help but…

Question 20

～にほかならない

Answer 20

Used when something has become clear/obvious.

Usage: Nにほかならない

• e.g.　Aにほかならない = 絶対Aだから
  “obviously/definitely due to A”
  Also can be conjugated using から
• e.g.彼が頑張ったからにほかならない。

Question 21

～をはじめ

Answer 21

Used when talking about things of a certain category, with the first object being the most typical example.

Usage: Nをはじめ・はじめとして・はじめとするN

• e.g. 会議には中国をはじめ、アジアの国々が参加した。

Question 22

～めぐって

Answer 22

Like 「ついて」however, it is used in context where there is ongoing debate with different people and different opinions involved.

Usage: Nをめぐって・NをめぐるN

Question 23

～において

Answer 23

Same as particle 「で」but more formal. Used when talking about a place 「場所」, a time 「時」, or a topic 「～ついて」.

Usage: Nにおいて

Question 24

～にて

Answer 24

Same as particle 「で」but can only be used when referring to a place 「場所」or a method 「方法」.

Usage: Nにて