Japanese JLPT N2 文法 4 Flashcards
~上に
(~うえに)
“Not only”
- like using し at the end of the first clause
Usage: V/A/na/N 上に
ex) 彼は仕事ができる上に優しい。
“Not only is he good at his job, but he is also a nice guy.”
~上で
(~うえで)
“after doing…..”
- used when the action to be completed has a prerequisite.
Usage: Vた・Nの 上で
ex) よく考えた上で決めます。
“after I think well about it, I will decide”
~上は
(~うえは)
“as a result of…” “since….”
the first clause is followed by words that give advice or express determination.
Usage: V上は
ex) キャプテンに選ばれた上は、頑張るしかない。
“since I was chosen as captain, I must try my hardest”
~の上では
(~うえでは)
“according to….”
Usage: Nの上では
ex) 天気図の上では春なのに、実際はまだ寒い。
“according to the patterns on the weather map it indicates it is spring, but actually it is still cold”
~向け
(~むけ)
“for….”
- when describing the intended target, or for who/what something is normally associated
Usage: N向けだ
Also → 「N向けに」「N向けのN」
ex) それは、初心者向けの教科書です。
“this is a textbook for beginners”
~次第で
(~しだいで)
“due to…”
Usage: N次第で
ex) 花火大会は天気次第で中止になる場合もあります。
“the fireworks display may be cancelled due to the weather.”
~次第
(~しだい)
“as soon as (something happens), I will….”
Usage: V次第 ← ますDrop
ex) 決まり次第、ご連絡いたします。
“As soon as it is decided, I will contact you”
~次第です
(~しだです)
“the reason for….”
- same as 「~わけです」(“that is why….”)
Usage: Vる・た・ている 次第です
ex) このたび担当が替わりましたので、あいさつに伺った次第です。
“I am here to greet you because I’m the new person in charge”
~に答えて
(~にこたえて)
“in response to”
Usage: Nに答えて
Also → 「Nに答え」「Nに答えるN」
~に対して
(~にたいして)
“in contrast to…”
- used when there is a contrast; focus is on the preceding statement.
Usage: N・文の・これ に対して
Also → 「Nに対するN」
~により
“in accordance with….” “by the way of….” “due to”
- to express a method, basis, cause, case
Usage: Nにより
Also → 「NによるN」
~にかかわって
“involved in” “regarding”
- similar to 「関する」
Usage: Nにかかわって
ex) 彼は汚職事件にかかわって逮捕された。
“he was arrested for being involved in a corruption case.
~ながら
“while…” “although…”
Usage: N/na/Aい/V ながら
ex) 悪いことと知りながら、盗みを繰り返した。
“while I knew it was bad, I continued to steal”
~つつ
“while…” “although”
- the same as「ながら」but more formal
Usage: VつつV ← ますDrop
~つつある
When something is continually/gradually proceeding.
- similar feeling to 「どんどん」
Usage: Vつつある ← ますDrop