Japanese JLPT N2 文法 2 Flashcards
~かいがあって
“it was worth (it)…”
- explains the effect/result of effort or perseverance
Usage: Vる・Vた・Nの かいがあって
Also → 「~かいがある」
~かいもなくて
“even though (effort was made), the result was….”
- explains when an undesired or unexpected result occurs despite effort being made to get the desired result.
Usage: Vた・Nの かいがない
Also → 「~かいもなく」
~がい
“worth ….”
- used with verbs; i.e. (it was) worth doing, worth going, etc
Usage: Vがい ←ますDrop
~てまで
Used to show when you feel that the action taken is too much; it has gone too far.
Usage: Vてまで・NまでVて
ex) 親にうそをついてまで
遊びに行きたくない。
I don’t want to go if it means lying to my parents (as that action is going to far).
~かける
“unfinished”
used to explain when something is left unfinished, but can also mean “almost”
Usage: Vかける ← ますDrop
Also → 「~かけのN」「かけだ」
~切る
(~きる)
Used when describing that something has completely finished or been spent (nothing remains).
Usage: V切る ← ますDrop
Also → 「~切れる」「~切れない」
~える/~うる
~えない
“possible” / “impossible”
Usage: Vある/うる (Possible)
Usage: Vえない (=あるはずがない)(impossible)
~抜く
(~ぬく)
When a condition continues until the end. To complete without giving up.
Usage: V抜く ← ますDrop
ex) 彼はあきらめずにゴールまで走り抜いた。
“he ran all the way to the goal line without giving up”
~うちに
Used to state intent to do something while a condition is still active (as that condition is likely to change soon).
Usage: Vない・Vている・Aい・naな・Nの うちに
ex) 桜がきれいなうちに、お花見に行きましょう。
“let’s go see the cherry blossoms while they are still beautiful”
~か~ないかのうちに
“at the very moment that” “as soon as”
- used when something happens as soon as another condition has been met
Usage: VるかVないかのうちに
~限り
(~かぎり)
“as long as”
“so far”
Usage: Vる・Vない・Aい・Aくない・Nである・naである かぎり
Usage: Vる・Vた・Vている かぎり(では)← “so far”
~に限り
(~にかぎり)
Used to show when something is a special case.
Usage: Nに限り・Nに限って
Also → Nに限らず~も (negative; not a special case)
~さえ~ば
“As long as (condition met)”
- basically used to explain when a condition is met, it is enough.
Usage: NさえV/Aけれ ば
Also → NさえN/naなら
Also → Vさえすれば
~からこそ
“because”
- used when explaining the reason for the result of your actions
Usage: V/N/A/na からこそ
Also → Vば・Aければ・naであれば・Nであれば こそ
~てこそ
“since” or “because”
- used when explaining experiencing something new. 「Vて、はじめて」
Usage: Vてこそ
ex) 親になってこそ、親の苦労がわかる。
Since I became a parent, I realise the difficulties of being one.
~ばかりだ
“only” or “just”
- when a negative think continues to increase/get worse
Usage: Vるばかりだ
Also → Vるのみだ (formal)
ex) 物価は上げるばかりだ。
“the cost of living just keeps going up”
~にしたら
“for”
- to explain how something impacts something else. ie “x is a problem for y”
Usage: Nにしたら
Also → 「Nにすれば」「Nにしてみたら」「Nにしてみれば」
~としたら
“if that (is/was the case)”
Usage: V/A/N/na としたら
Also → 「V/A/N/na とすれば」
~としても
“Even if”
Usage: V/A/N/na としても
Also → 「V/A/N/na としたって」
~を~として
“as the” or “as a”
- to explain the nature of something
Usage: N1をN2としてV
Also → 「N1をN2とするN」「N1をN2としたN」
ex) 山田さんをリーダーとするサークルを作る。
We will make a club with Yamada-san as the leader.
~とともに
Expresses a gradual change.
Expresses an instantaneous change due to cause and effect.
Expresses “together” - 「_と一緒に_」
Usage: Nと・Vると ともに
ex) 家族とともに来日した。
“I came to Japan (together) with my family.”
~にともなって
Same as 「~とともに」- Expresses a change.
Usage: Nに・Vるのに・Vたのに ともなって
Also → 「~ともない」「~ともなうN」
~につれて
Expresses a gradual change in two things due to correlation.
Usage: Nに・Vるに つれて
Also → 「~につれ」
ex) 年を取るにつれて、体のいろいろな機能が低下する。
As you get older, the various bodily functions deteriorate.
~にしたがって
Same as 「~につれて」OR same as 「~とおり」
( x as per y )
Usage: N・Vる にしたがって
Also → 「~にしたがい」