ITE CA2 Anatomy normal editor Flashcards
What muscles do what to the vocal cords
Cricothyroid muscle lengthen and tense the vocal folds.
Posterior cricoarytenoid muscles abduct and externally rotate the arytenoid cartilages, resulting in abducted vocal folds.
Lateral cricoarytenoid muscles adduct and internally rotate the arytenoid cartilages, increase medial compression.
carotid body afferent innervation
glossopharyngeal
The internal branch of the SLN
The internal (SENSORY) branch of the SLN traverses the thyrohyoid membrane and provides sensation from the epiglottis to the vocal cords.
The recurrent laryngeal nerve
The recurrent laryngeal nerve, RLN provides SENSATION to the area of the vocal cords and trachea and MOTOR innervation to the laryngeal muscles, EXCEPT the cricothyroid muscle. Given the location of the RLN, it is amenable to palsy or injury during surgical manipulation or abnormal structures such as enlarging thoracic aortic aneurysms.
what innervate the hypopharynx
what innervates the pharynx
Both the hypoglossal and glossopharyngeal cranial nerves (XII and IX respectively) innervate the hypopharynx, while the glossopharyngeal nerve alone innervates the pharynx and is the afferent (SENSORY) limb of the gag reflex.
what is afferent limb of gag reflex
the glossopharyngeal nerve alone innervates the pharynx and is the afferent (SENSORY) limb of the gag reflex.
how block internal branch of SLN and what does it innervate
The internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve, which provides sensory innervation to the base of the tongue, epiglottis, aryepiglottic folds, and arytenoids, can be blocked by the injection of local anesthetic in the space that is anterior-caudal to the greater cornu of the hyoid bone.
Glossopharyngeal nerve
innervation
how to block
The glossopharyngeal nerve supplies sensory innervation to the posterior third of the tongue, the vallecula, the anterior surface of the epiglottis, the walls of the pharynx, and the tonsils. it is one of the blocks performed prior to an awake fiberoptic intubation. it is not performed via a transtracheal technique. The glossopharyngeal nerve can be blocked at the palatoglossal folds.
RLN
innervation
how to block
The recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch of the vagus nerve that supplies sensory innervation of the vocal folds and the trachea. it is one of the blocks performed prior to an awake intubation, it is performed via a transtracheal technique. The needle is inserted perpendicularly through the cricothyroid membrane and once free air has been aspirated the local anesthetic can be injected.
The parasympathetic component of the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves lie in the _________
The parasympathetic component of the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves lie in the medulla oblongata. The oculomotor nerve’s parasympathetic components lies in the midbrain
The oculomotor nerve’s parasympathetic components lies in the ______
The oculomotor nerve’s parasympathetic components lies in the midbrain
PNS preganglionic fibers _____. Postganglionic cell bodies are ______
PNS preganglionic fibers pass directly to the organ that is innervated. Postganglionic cell bodies are near or within the innervated viscera, leading to a limited distribution of postganglionic fibers
how to perform external block of internal branch of SLN
In order to perform an external block of this nerve, the greater cornu of the hyoid bone is identified. The needle is inserted over the cornu and directed in an anterior-caudal direction until it passes through the ligament.
external branch of superior laryngeal nerve
external branch provides muscular innervation to the cricothyroid muscle.
Where to block all the nerves
The glossopharyngeal nerve is blocked at the palatoglossal folds. The recurrent laryngeal nerve can be blocked with a transtracheal injection through the cricothyroid membrane. The superior laryngeal nerve can be blocked by either injection at the horn of the hyoid bone or by placing a pledget in the pyriform sinus. The mandibular portion of the trigeminal nerve is blocked topically.
superior laryngeal nerve internal branch
The internal branch provides sensation above the trachea (laryngeal mucosa)
The hypopharynx,
The hypopharynx, or laryngopharynx, extends from the level of the epiglottis to the level of the cricoid cartilage, and includes a portion of the upper esophagus.
The larynx
The larynx extends from the base of the epiglottis to the cricoid cartilage.
The nasopharynx
The nasopharynx extends from the base of the skull to the soft palate
Motor innervation of the tongue arises nearly entirely from the
Motor innervation of the tongue arises nearly entirely from the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
The hypoglossal nerve innervates all the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue, except for the palatoglossus which is innervated by the vagus nerve. It is a nerve with a solely motor function. The hypoglossal nerve controls the tongue movements required for speech, swallowing, and moving the tongue side to side. Damage to the nerve can affect the tongues ability to move.
glossopharyngeal does what for the tongue
The glossopharyngeal nerve provides both taste and sensory innervation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue.
blood supply to AV node
A high-grade stenotic lesion along the posterior descending artery (PDA) may result in atrioventricular (AV) nodal blockade. This is due to the indirect blockage of the PDA’s AV nodal branch.
Coronary vein anatomy. what coronary artery is each vein associated with
The anterior cardiac vein is associated with the RCA, the great cardiac vein is located with the LAD (left anterior descending artery), and the middle cardiac vein is associated with the PDA (typically from the RCA).
what nerve is medial to the brachial artery in the antecubital fossa.
median
what nerve nerve runs lateral to the biceps tendon in the antecubital fossa
The radial nerve runs lateral to the biceps tendon in the antecubital fossa
where are the nerves for ax block
Although wide variation exists, generally the median nerve lies anterolateral to the artery, the ulnar lies anteromedial to the artery, and radial nerves lie posterior to the artery
The musculocutaneous nerve lies in the body of the coracobrachialis muscle and the brachial cutaneous nerve runs subcutaneously parallel to the axillary vessels.
what nerve runs in the body of the coracobrachialis muscle
The musculocutaneous nerve runs in the body of the coracobrachialis muscle and provides sensation to the lateral forearm as well as motor to the flexor muscles of the elbow (biceps brachii, brachialis, and coracobrachialis).
The action of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscles combined with that of the transverse arytenoid muscles
The action of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscles combined with that of the transverse arytenoid muscles results in adduction (closing) of the vocal folds.
The posterior cricoarytenoid muscles are involved in
The posterior cricoarytenoid muscles are involved in abduction (opening) of the vocal folds
The principal tensors of the vocal folds are the
The principal tensors of the vocal folds are the cricothyroid muscles, which by their action elongate and tighten the vocal ligaments, raising the pitch of the voice.
The principal relaxers of the vocal folds are the
The principal relaxers are the thyroarytenoid muscles.
Motor innervation to all muscles of the larynx is supplied by the ______ nerve except the _____ muscle (tensor muscle of the larynx), which is supplied by the
Motor innervation to all muscles of the larynx is supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve except the cricothyroid muscle (tensor muscle of the larynx), which is supplied by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve.
