ITE CA2 Anatomy normal editor

Question 1

What muscles do what to the vocal cords

Answer 1

Cricothyroid muscle lengthen and tense the vocal folds.

Posterior cricoarytenoid muscles abduct and externally rotate the arytenoid cartilages, resulting in abducted vocal folds.

Lateral cricoarytenoid muscles adduct and internally rotate the arytenoid cartilages, increase medial compression.

Question 2

carotid body afferent innervation

Answer 2

glossopharyngeal

Question 3

The internal branch of the SLN

Answer 3

The internal (SENSORY) branch of the SLN traverses the thyrohyoid membrane and provides sensation from the epiglottis to the vocal cords.

Question 4

The recurrent laryngeal nerve

Answer 4

The recurrent laryngeal nerve, RLN provides SENSATION to the area of the vocal cords and trachea and MOTOR innervation to the laryngeal muscles, EXCEPT the cricothyroid muscle. Given the location of the RLN, it is amenable to palsy or injury during surgical manipulation or abnormal structures such as enlarging thoracic aortic aneurysms.

Question 5

what innervate the hypopharynx

what innervates the pharynx

Answer 5

Both the hypoglossal and glossopharyngeal cranial nerves (XII and IX respectively) innervate the hypopharynx, while the glossopharyngeal nerve alone innervates the pharynx and is the afferent (SENSORY) limb of the gag reflex.

Question 6

what is afferent limb of gag reflex

Answer 6

the glossopharyngeal nerve alone innervates the pharynx and is the afferent (SENSORY) limb of the gag reflex.

Question 7

how block internal branch of SLN and what does it innervate

Answer 7

The internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve, which provides sensory innervation to the base of the tongue, epiglottis, aryepiglottic folds, and arytenoids, can be blocked by the injection of local anesthetic in the space that is anterior-caudal to the greater cornu of the hyoid bone.

Question 8

Glossopharyngeal nerve
innervation
how to block

Answer 8

The glossopharyngeal nerve supplies sensory innervation to the posterior third of the tongue, the vallecula, the anterior surface of the epiglottis, the walls of the pharynx, and the tonsils. it is one of the blocks performed prior to an awake fiberoptic intubation. it is not performed via a transtracheal technique. The glossopharyngeal nerve can be blocked at the palatoglossal folds.

Question 9

RLN
innervation
how to block

Answer 9

The recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch of the vagus nerve that supplies sensory innervation of the vocal folds and the trachea. it is one of the blocks performed prior to an awake intubation, it is performed via a transtracheal technique. The needle is inserted perpendicularly through the cricothyroid membrane and once free air has been aspirated the local anesthetic can be injected.

Question 10

The parasympathetic component of the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves lie in the _________

Answer 10

The parasympathetic component of the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves lie in the medulla oblongata. The oculomotor nerve’s parasympathetic components lies in the midbrain

Question 11

The oculomotor nerve’s parasympathetic components lies in the ______

Answer 11

The oculomotor nerve’s parasympathetic components lies in the midbrain

Question 12

PNS preganglionic fibers _____. Postganglionic cell bodies are ______

Answer 12

PNS preganglionic fibers pass directly to the organ that is innervated. Postganglionic cell bodies are near or within the innervated viscera, leading to a limited distribution of postganglionic fibers

Question 13

how to perform external block of internal branch of SLN

Answer 13

In order to perform an external block of this nerve, the greater cornu of the hyoid bone is identified. The needle is inserted over the cornu and directed in an anterior-caudal direction until it passes through the ligament.

Question 14

external branch of superior laryngeal nerve

Answer 14

external branch provides muscular innervation to the cricothyroid muscle.

Question 15

Where to block all the nerves

Answer 15

The glossopharyngeal nerve is blocked at the palatoglossal folds. The recurrent laryngeal nerve can be blocked with a transtracheal injection through the cricothyroid membrane. The superior laryngeal nerve can be blocked by either injection at the horn of the hyoid bone or by placing a pledget in the pyriform sinus. The mandibular portion of the trigeminal nerve is blocked topically.

Question 16

superior laryngeal nerve internal branch

Answer 16

The internal branch provides sensation above the trachea (laryngeal mucosa)

Question 17

The hypopharynx,

Answer 17

The hypopharynx, or laryngopharynx, extends from the level of the epiglottis to the level of the cricoid cartilage, and includes a portion of the upper esophagus.

Question 18

The larynx

Answer 18

The larynx extends from the base of the epiglottis to the cricoid cartilage.

Question 19

The nasopharynx

Answer 19

The nasopharynx extends from the base of the skull to the soft palate

Question 20

Motor innervation of the tongue arises nearly entirely from the

Answer 20

Motor innervation of the tongue arises nearly entirely from the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

The hypoglossal nerve innervates all the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue, except for the palatoglossus which is innervated by the vagus nerve. It is a nerve with a solely motor function. The hypoglossal nerve controls the tongue movements required for speech, swallowing, and moving the tongue side to side. Damage to the nerve can affect the tongues ability to move.

Question 21

glossopharyngeal does what for the tongue

Answer 21

The glossopharyngeal nerve provides both taste and sensory innervation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue.

Question 22

blood supply to AV node

Answer 22

A high-grade stenotic lesion along the posterior descending artery (PDA) may result in atrioventricular (AV) nodal blockade. This is due to the indirect blockage of the PDA’s AV nodal branch.

Question 23

Coronary vein anatomy. what coronary artery is each vein associated with

Answer 23

The anterior cardiac vein is associated with the RCA, the great cardiac vein is located with the LAD (left anterior descending artery), and the middle cardiac vein is associated with the PDA (typically from the RCA).

Question 24

what nerve is medial to the brachial artery in the antecubital fossa.

Answer 24

median

Question 25

what nerve nerve runs lateral to the biceps tendon in the antecubital fossa

Answer 25

The radial nerve runs lateral to the biceps tendon in the antecubital fossa

Question 26

where are the nerves for ax block

Answer 26

Although wide variation exists, generally the median nerve lies anterolateral to the artery, the ulnar lies anteromedial to the artery, and radial nerves lie posterior to the artery

The musculocutaneous nerve lies in the body of the coracobrachialis muscle and the brachial cutaneous nerve runs subcutaneously parallel to the axillary vessels.

Question 27

what nerve runs in the body of the coracobrachialis muscle

Answer 27

The musculocutaneous nerve runs in the body of the coracobrachialis muscle and provides sensation to the lateral forearm as well as motor to the flexor muscles of the elbow (biceps brachii, brachialis, and coracobrachialis).

Question 28

The action of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscles combined with that of the transverse arytenoid muscles

Answer 28

The action of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscles combined with that of the transverse arytenoid muscles results in adduction (closing) of the vocal folds.

Question 29

The posterior cricoarytenoid muscles are involved in

Answer 29

The posterior cricoarytenoid muscles are involved in abduction (opening) of the vocal folds

Question 30

The principal tensors of the vocal folds are the

Answer 30

The principal tensors of the vocal folds are the cricothyroid muscles, which by their action elongate and tighten the vocal ligaments, raising the pitch of the voice.

Question 31

The principal relaxers of the vocal folds are the

Answer 31

The principal relaxers are the thyroarytenoid muscles.

Question 32

Motor innervation to all muscles of the larynx is supplied by the ______ nerve except the _____ muscle (tensor muscle of the larynx), which is supplied by the

Answer 32

Motor innervation to all muscles of the larynx is supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve except the cricothyroid muscle (tensor muscle of the larynx), which is supplied by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve.