ITA-Block 2 Flashcards
0
Q
Radial piston
A
Composed of an odd number of cylinders arranged in a circle
Increased drag and reduced visibility
1
Q
Piston engine
A
Engine turns a propellor to push or pull AC through the air.
Can be liquid or air cooled
2
Q
Horizontally opposed piston
A
Even number of cylinders set opposite each other
Decreased drag and increased visibility
3
Q
Turbojet
A
Air from outside the AC is compressed and mixed with gas which ignites and expands to drive the turbine
4
Q
Turbofan
A
The fan propels the air through to the combustion chamber for more thrust than a turbojet.
5
Q
Turboprop
A
A combination of propeller and jet engine.
6
Q
Fine pitch propeller
A
Rotates more quickly
Less drag
Better for take off
7
Q
Coarse pitch propeller
A
Slower RPM
Better for cruising altitude
8
Q
Fixed pitch
A
Blade angle set to give the best general performance under all flight conditions.
Trade off for best take off performance and for best cruise performance.
9
Q
Variable pitch
A
Adjustable: prop blades may be adjusted on the ground
Controllable: prop blades may be adjusted in flight
10
Q
Constant speed propeller
A
Fixed with a governor that alters the angle of the blade to always maintain the same RPM
11
Q
Feathering
A
Blades are turned to extreme coarse pitch
Used to reduce drag
12
Q
Mechanical blockage reversers
A
Bucket doors are deployed to deflect the exhaust forward to produce reverse thrust
13
Q
Aerodynamic blockage system
A
Causes exhaust gases to redirect thrust outward and forward
14
Q
Asymmetrical thrust
A
Yawing of an aircraft due to a failed engine
15
Q
Ailerons
A
On trailing edge of the wing
Move opposite each other
Cause AC to roll
Controlled by turning the steering column
16
Q
Elevators
A
Trailing edge of horizontal stabilizer (tail)
Changes pitch of the AC
Controlled by pushing and pulling the steering column
17
Q
Rudders
A
Located on the tail
Controls the AC yaw
Controlled by using the rudder pedals
18
Q
Trim tabs
A
Located on trailing edge of ailerons, rudders, elevators
Maintains altitude without using controls
Controlled by the turning of a control wheel
19
Q
Flaps
A
Located on the trailing edge of the wing
Primarily increase lift
3 types: lift, lift-drag, and drag
20
Q
Speed brakes
A
Hinged doors usually located on the rear of the fuselage to create drag
21
Q
Slots
A
Passageways just behind the leading edge used to smooth out the airflow over the wing
22
Q
Slats
A
Airfoils in the leading edge of the wing used to smooth airflow over the wing
23
Q
Spoilers
A
Fitted into the top of the wing to reduce lift. Usually deployed after touchdown.
May be partially extended during flight to increase descent or reduce airspeed.
24
Vortex generators
Small plates on the wing used to generate vortices to improve the performance of the wing.
25
Control locks
May be placed on rudders ailerons or elevators to prevent their movement and therefore prevent damage
Brightly coloured to be removed by pilots pre-flight.
26
Conventional wheels
Tail dragger or tail wheel
Two wheels: one at front, one at back
Good for landing on rough strips and when visibility, often due to the propeller, is low
27
Tricycle wheel
Two wheels are located behind the centre of gravity and one wheel is located at the nose.
28
Bicycle wheel
Main landing gear is located at both the front and the rear of the AC.
Outrigger wheels are usually located near the wing tips.
29
Retractable wheels
Wheels that are retracted into the fuselage or wings to decrease drag
30
Static pressure
The pressure of the air surrounding the AC at flight altitude
Decreases with altitude
31
Dynamic pressure
Additional force exerted on the body of the plane by the resistance of air movement
Increases with speed and air density
Information gathered from pitot head
32
Pitot pressure
The sum of static and dynamic pressure
33
Airspeed indicator
Shows ACs speed in the air, not over the ground
34
Machmeter
The ratio of an ACs true airspeed to the speed of sound.
| Mach 1.0 is equal to the speed of sound.
35
Speed of sound
1120 feet per second
| Varies with temp, pressure and air density
36
Altimeter instrument
Measures the pressure height of an aircraft above sea level
37
Vertical speed indicator
Measures the change in atmospheric pressure occurring with the change of height
Used to display the rate of climb
38
Attitude indicator
Provides the pilot with a mechanical reference to the natural horizon
39
Heading indicator
Indicates the AC heading and helps pilot to get to a required heading
40
Turn coordinator
Indicates the rate of turn as well as whether or not the turn is coordinated
41
Air density
Dense air provides more lift than less dense
Moist air is less dense than dry
Hot air is less dense than cool
42
Profile drag
Drag created by skin friction between the air and the aircraft
43
Parasite drag
Drag produced by parts of the aircraft that do not produce lift
44
Induced drag
Occurs with the increase in lift because of the difference in the direction that the air flows over and under the wing
45
Longitudinal axis
Runs through the fuselage from the nose to the tail
46
Lateral axis
Runs from wing tip to wing tip
47
Vertical axis
Runs vertical through the fuselage, near where the other town axes meet
48
Standard atmospheric conditions
15 degrees Celsius
29.92 inches of mercury
Sea level
49
How does height above sea level affect pressure?
The higher above sea level, the lower the pressure
50
How does temperature affect air density?
The higher the temperature, the less dense the air
51
How does pressure affect air density?
The lower the pressure, the more dense the air.
52
How does temperature affect indicated airspeed?
The higher the temperature, the less the indicated airspeed.
53
How does temperature affect the amount of runway needed to land and take off?
The higher the temperature, the more runway required to land or take off
54
How does temperature affect the rate of climb of an AC?
The higher the temperature, the less the rate of climb.
55
How does pressure affect airspeed?
As pressure increases, airspeed decreases.
56
How does pressure affect the amount of room needed for take off and landing?
The higher the pressure, the less room required for take off and landing
57
How does pressure affect the ACs rate of climb?
The higher the pressure, the greater the rate of climb.
58
Heading
The radial to which the nose of the aircraft is pointing.
59
Track
The path of the aircraft over the ground.
Influenced by wind.
If there is a direct headwind, tailwind, or if there is no wind, the track is the same as the heading.
60
Drift
The difference between an ACs heading and track.
61
Out of wind
When an AC lands with a crosswind.
62
True airspeed
The actual airspeed of the AC
Corrected for temperature and altitude.
The speed at which the pilot will file on a flight plan.
63
Indicated airspeed
The airspeed read from the indicator.
| Must be corrected due to temperature and altitude.
64
Ground speed
The true airspeed plus or minus the speed of any tailwind, headwind or crosswind.
65
Aircraft cannot reduce airspeed and commence descent simultaneously
- reduce power, maintain altitude, airspeed reduces, AC descends
- reduce power, push nose down to maintain speed, AC descends
66
Speed limit below 10,000 feet
250knots
67
Speed limit below 3,000 feet within 10 NM of a controlled airport
200 knots
68
Stalling speed
The speed below which an aircraft will lose lift.
69
How does the bank of an aircraft affect stall speed?
The stall speed increases with the bank angle of the AC
70
How does the use of flaps affect the stall speed?
Lift enhancing flaps: stall speed is lowered
Drag inducing flaps: stall speed increases
Lift/drag flaps: dependant on the angle, stall speed is reduced.
71
Wake turbulence
The turbulent air behind an aircraft.
72
Wing tip vortices
Turbulence caused by the high pressure on the underside of the wing trying to flow to the low pressure on top of the wing
Left wing vortex is clockwise
Right wing vortex is counter clockwise
73
Rotor tip vortices
Turbulence caused by rotor blades.
Is usually greater than winged AC because of the lower operating speeds
Left side vortex is clockwise
Right side vortex is counter clockwise
74
Jet engine thrust stream
Area of turbulence created behind an aircraft's jet engines.
75
Prop wash
The turbulence created by propeller driven AC
76
Rotor downwash
The downward turbulence created by a helicopter in hovering or forward flight
Greatest while hovering
Spreads in all directions once the turbulence reaches the ground
77
Induced roll
When an aircraft rolls with the vortex
| AC with larger wing spans are more capable of counteracting the roll
78
Light aircraft weight
12,500 lbs or less
| 5700kgs or less
79
Medium aircraft weight
More than 12,500 lbs but less than 300,000 lbs
| More than 5700 kgs but less than 136,000 kgs
80
Heavy aircraft weight
More than 300,000 lbs
| More than 136,000 kgs
81
At what temperature does the heaviest icing usually occur?
-9 to 0 degrees Celsius
82
Two requirements for ice formation
AC must be flying through visible water (cloud, rain)
| Water droplets or the temperature of the surface must be 0 degrees Celsius or below
83
Super-cooled water droplets
Water droplets below 0 degrees Celsius
84
Ice can accumulate as quickly as...
One inch per minute
85
Clear ice
Transparent/translucent ice coating
Very difficult to remove
Rapid build up
86
Rime ice
White or milky, opaque, granular
| Accumulates relatively slowly and is rather easy to remove
87
Frost
Light, whitish, feathery, crystalline
Forms after humid nights when surface temp. is below 0 degrees
Thins and evaporates with flight in warm air
Increases stalling speed, distorts air flow; may be impossible to take off.
88
Light icing
Not normally a problem unless AC is exposed for a lengthy period of time
89
Moderate icing
Diversion might be required if rate of accumulation poses a risk of a hazardous icing situation
90
Severe icing
Rate of accumulation is such that anti icing and deicing may fail to reduce or control the hazard.
A change in heading or altitude is essential
91
Systems used to prevent or limit icing
Fluids
Heating devices
Rubber coverings (deicer boots)
92
Carburetor icing
Fuel mixture cools rapidly as it passes through the carburetor, freezing water vapour in the carburetor passage
May form in clear air with high humidity
Temp. Between -6 and 21 degrees Celsius
93
When reporting icing, include:
```
Intensity
Type
Location
Time
Aircraft type
```
94
Convective currents
Disturbed airflow resulting from air moving vertically in convective currents
Caused by rising or descending air or
A cold air mass moving over warm air or water
95
Mechanical disturbance
Disturbed airflow resulting from air moving past or over obstructions such as irregular terrain
96
Four categories of turbulence
Convective currents
Mechanical disturbance
Wind shear
Wake turbulence
97
Intensities of turbulence
Light (LGT)
Moderate (MDT)
Severs (SVR)
98
Altitude at which mechanical turbulence is encountered
2000 feet above ground level and higher
99
Wind shear
Change in wind speed or wind direction that creates turbulence
100
High level wind shear
Encountered 20,000 feet and above
Change of wind speed or direction as it leaves the jet stream
Also known as clear air turbulence (CAT)
Quite violent
101
Conditions for low level wind shear
Some fronts:
Fronts moving at 30 knots or more
A temperature difference at the front surface of 5 degrees Celsius or more
Or thunderstorms
102
How far ahead of a thunderstorm can low level wind shear exist?
Up to 15 NM
103
Lateral shearing
Wind approaching AC from the side
| Could push AC off course during landing
104
Tailwind shearing to headwind or calm
Headwind could pitch nose up (AC above glide path)
Airspeed increases
Lift increases
AC could land short of runway
105
Headwind shearing to tailwind or calm
Airspeed decreases
Nose pitches
Altitude decreases
AC could overshoot runway
106
Correcting tailwind shearing to headwind or calm
Pilot must decrease power so that AC does not overshoot the runway
107
Correction for headwind shearing to tailwind or calm
Power must be increased so that the AC does not land short of the runway
108
Information included in wind shear warnings
Direction of wind on both sides of front
Speed of wind on both sides of front
Altitude
109
Occasional turbulence
Less that one third of the time
110
Intermittent turbulence
One third to two thirds of the time
111
Continuous turbulence
More than two thirds of the time
112
Up drafts/down drafts
Vertical air currents
2000-6000 FPM
Can be found several thousand feet above a storm or 20 miles away from a storm
113
Microbursts
Intense, localized downdrafts
2km in diameter above ground, 4km on ground
Two mins maximum intensity, over within ten mins
