IT101-1L midterms lesson 8-12 Flashcards
allow you to make decisions and execute different code blocks based on certain conditions.
selection structures
allows you to execute a block of code only if a specified condition is True.
if statement
extends the if statement by providing an alternative code block to be executed when the condition is False
if-else statement
t allows you to evaluate multiple conditions in a sequential manner. It is used when you have more than two possible outcomes
if-elif-else statement
are used in programming to compare values and determine the relationship between them.
Relational operators
is used within loops (such as for or while) to exit the loop immediately.
break statement
Checks if two values are equal.
== (equal to):
Checks if two values are not equal.
!= (not equal to):
> (greater than): Checks if the left operand is greater than the right operand.
> (greater than):
Checks if the left operand is less than the right operand.
< (less than):
Checks if the left operand is greater than or equal to the right operand.
> = (greater than or equal to):
Checks if the left operand is less than or equal to the right operand.
<= (less than or equal to):
The and operator returns True if both of its operands are True, and False otherwise.
and:
The or operator returns True if at least one of its operands is True, and False otherwise.
or:
: The not operator reverses the logical state of its operand. If the operand is True, the not operator returns False, and if the operand is False, it returns True.
not
means that the second operand of an and or or operator is not evaluated if the outcome can be determined solely by evaluating the first operand.
Short-circuit evaluation
you can control the flow of your program and stop the loop execution based on certain conditions.
break statement,
is an expression that evaluates to either True or False.
condition
The _________ statement can be extended to include multiple conditions using the _____
if…else, elif
By using _________, you can create decision trees with multiple branches, allowing your program to respond differently based on different conditions.
multiple elif clauses
refer to the practice of placing one or more if…else statements inside another if or else block.
Nested decisions
, are fundamental programming constructs that allow you to repeat a code block multiple times based on specified conditions.
Iterative structures, commonly known as loops
evaluates the condition before executing the code block.
The while loop
in Python is used to iterate over elements of an iterable
The for loop
They allow you to repeat code blocks based on conditions, which helps automate repetitive tasks and control program flow
Loops (Iterative structures)
is a fundamental iterative structure in Python programming that allows you to repeat a code block as long as a specified condition is true.
while loop
is a powerful iterative structure in Python that allows you to repeat a code block a specific number of times or iterate over elements in a sequence
for loop
provide a powerful way to perform repetitive tasks that require multiple iterations.
Nested loops
Nested loops are essential in programming as they allow you to work with complex data structures and perform operations on multiple dimensions
Nested loops
is used to prematurely terminate the execution of a loop
break statement
statement is used to skip the current iteration of a loop and move to the next iteration.
continue
is used within loops (such as for or while) to skip the remaining statements within the loop’s code block and move to the next iteration
The continue statement
is a versatile and fundamental data structure that allows you to store a collection of elements of different types.
list
provide a convenient way to organize and manipulate data as a sequence of items.
Lists
: Lists allow you to group related data elements of various types into a single entity.
Grouping related data
To create a list in Python, you can simply use
square brackets []
returns the number of elements present in a list
len() function
allows you to add an element to the end of the list. It modifies the original list in place.
append() function
adds elements from another list to the end of the current list. It extends the list in place.
extend() function
allows you to insert an element at a specific index in the list
insert() function
is used to remove the first occurrence of a specified element from the list.
remove() function
is used to remove and return the element at a specific index.
pop() function
removes all elements from the list, making it an empty list.
clear() function
returns the index of the first occurrence of a specified element in the list.
index() function
returns the number of occurrences of a specified element in the list.
count() function
is used to sort the list in ascending order. It modifies the original list in place.
sort() function
reverses the order of elements in the list. It modifies the original list in place.
reverse() function
creates a shallow copy of the list.
copy() function
The new list that will be created using list comprehension.
new_list:
applied to each item in the iterable to create elements of the new list.
expression:
The variable representing each element in the iterable.
item:
: The source data from which the list will be generated.
iterable
A conditional expression that filters elements based on certain criteria
condition: (Optional)
with list comprehension to apply a function to each element
Use map()
with list comprehension to include only certain elements
Use filter()
is an ordered collection of elements enclosed in parentheses ( ).
tuple
can be used to create a tuple from an iterable object like a list or a string
tuple() constructor
The values are assigned to the tuple using a single assignment statement.
Tuple packing
allows you to assign the elements of a tuple to individual variables in a single assignment statemen
Tuple unpacking
Tuples can be ______ using the + operator.
concatenated
A tuple can be repeated using the * operator.
Repetition
You can check if an element exists in a tuple using the in keyword.
Membership test
Tuples are _______, meaning their elements cannot be changed after creation.
immutable
is an unordered collection of unique elements.
set
can be created and initialized using curly braces { } or the set() constructor.
Sets
add elements to a set using the
add() method
to add multiple elements.
update() method
Removes an element from a set
remove()
removes element and even if element not there its not an error
discard()
Removes and returns an arbitrary element somewhere else
pop()
puts all elements together in a set
Union
returns teh same elements between 2 sets
intersection
Dividing the program into separate parts for better organization and management.
Modularity:
: Allowing the same code to be used in different scenarios, reducing redundancy.
Reusability
Making the codebase easier to understand and modify.
Maintainability:
is defined using the def keyword, followed by the function name, parentheses with any parameters, and a colon.
function
Variables specified in the function’s definition.
Formal Parameters:
Values provided during the function call.
Actual Parameters:
statement in Python functions is used to exit a function and optionally pass an expression back to the caller.
return
Functions can return data as a result.
Returning Values:
: If return is not used, the function returns None.
No Return Value
The keyword used to define a function in Python.
def:
A unique name for the function, following the Python identifier naming rules.
function_name:
: The list of input parameters (if any) that the function expects. If there are no parameters, leave the parentheses empty.
parameter_list
The block of code inside the function where the task is performed.
function body:
If the function has a return value, it can be specified using the return statement. If there is no return statement, the function returns None by default.
return value:
, are the values that are passed to a function when it is called.
Actual parameters, also known as arguments
, are placeholders defined in the function declaration or definition
Formal parameters, also referred to as parameters or function parameters
all parameters are passed by
object reference
is an essential aspect of programming that allows you to interact with files on your computer’s file system.
File handling
To create a new file, you can use the ________ with the appropriate file mode
open() function
read data from a file, you can use the open() function and file methods such as
read(), readline(), or readlines()
To update the contents of a file, you can use the open() function and file methods such as
write() or append().
function is called with the name of the file to be deleted.
os.remove()
What does CRUD MEAN?
Creating, Reading, Updating, and Deleting Files
What does csv mean?
Comma-Separated Values
