It, there and wh-words

Question 1

Referential it

Answer 1

the person pronoun it referes to something mentioned earlier

i.e they have an expersive coffee maker, but done know how to use it

Question 2

Empty/dummy it

Answer 2

acts as subject in clauses about weather, temperature, time, distance

i.e It is raining

Question 3

Anticipatory it

Answer 3

fills in for a subordinate clause that comes later in the sentence

i.e It is nice to be back
(to be back is a infinitive clause)

Question 4

cleft it

Answer 4

the cleft contruction places a clause elemnt in focus (is constructed with It + BE

i.e It was sue who bought a parrot
OR
It was yesterday that Sue bought a parrot

Question 5

Locative there

Answer 5

signals position or direction

i.e Are you comfortable there?

Question 6

Existential there

Answer 6

signals existence or appearance

i.e There is a fly in my soup

Question 7

Construction with empty/dummy it

It has become very late

Answer 7

S —–V——– —sP—–
-Ax- –MV– PM- –H-
It has become very late.

Question 8

Construction with anticipatory it + notional subject in extraposition

It can be fascinating to learn English grammar.

Answer 8

aS —V– —–sP—— —————-S——————
It can be fascinating to learn English grammar.

Question 9

Construction with anticipitory it as aO (normally has oP)

I find it strange that nobody pays any attention.

Answer 9

S -V- aO ——————dO———————————-
I find it strange that nobody pays any attention.

Question 10

Contruction with it-clefts

It was Tom who gave Mary a bunch of roses.

Answer 10

S -V– ———————-sP—————————–
It was Tom who gave Mary a bunch of roses.

Question 11

Construction with wh-cleft

What I don’t like is the material.

Answer 11

———-S———– V ——dO——-
What I don’t like is the material

Question 12

Syntactic function of locative there

Answer 12

Adverbial

Question 13

Syntactic function of existential there

Answer 13

anticipitory subject