Issues in research in clinical ethics Flashcards
What does good science mean?
This is to develop a theory // paradigm // model which provides a bass for research.
What is ethical science?
A set of MORAL obligations which define right and wrong.
This relates to UNBIASED scientific knowledge.
What does epistemically good mean?
Relating to knowledge of knowing something.
What does publication ethics mean?
Rules of conduct generally agreed upon when publishing results of scientific research.
Protects the work and prevents the RE - PUBLICATION of someone’s work without PROPER CREDIT.
What does ‘publish and perish’ culture mean?
Pressure to publish in order to succeed in an academic career.
What does salami slicing mean?
Splitting data derived from a single research idea into multiple publishable units.
What does authorship mean?
Being the writer of a publication.
What is industry bias also known as?
Funding Bias.
What is industry bias?
This is a method of ways in order to get the studies skewed to a favourable result.
They fund the companies in order to produce positive results.
What is publication bias?
Tendency for investigators to submit // accept manuscripts for publication based on strength // funding of the study.
DISTORTS DATA.
What is self - plagiarism?
Using one’s OWN previous work in ANOTHER context without citing it was used previously.
What is peer review fraud?
Impersonating a peer reviewer -> making money despite being unknown and not doing any actual work.
In terms of animal research methods, what are animals used for?
Eye irritancy
Neurotoxicity
Skin sensitisation
Carcinogenicity
What diseases were cured via the usage of animal research?
Smallpox Cancer Malaria HIV / AIDS Polio
What is the ‘The Animals ( Scientific Procedures) Act 1986’?
Protects the usage of animals for scientific purposes.
Provides special care for primates // cats // dogs // horses.
What are the 3 licences which must be granted in order for animal experimenting to occur?
Personal Licence
Project Licence
Establishment
When was the Martin’s Act released?
1822
What did the Martin’s Act address?
Protects animals -> cattle and horses against cruelty.
What is another name for Martin’s Act?
Cruel Treatment of Cattle Act.
How was the Martin Act amended in 1835?
Amended to include the protection of dogs // cats alongside other domestic animals.
What are the 3R’s of ethical animal experimentation?
Reduce
Replace
Refine
What is reduction?
The number of animals used should be kept to a minimum.
‘Obtain the necessary details from FEWER animals’.
What is replacement?
Replace the usage of animals with alternative techniques -> avoid animal usage altogether.
What is refinement?
Better housing // improvements which MINIMISE pain and suffering.
