Clinical and Research Ethics

Question 1

What is the meaning of research ethics?

Answer 1

Study of principles // regulations // practices governing the day any research should be conducted.

Question 2

What are 3 ethical lenses?

Answer 2

Deontology
Utilitarianism
Virtue Ethics

Question 3

What is consequentialism?

Answer 3

This its focused on the consequences of actions.

Question 4

What are the 2 types of consequentialism?

Answer 4

Maximising Consequentialism

Satisfying Consequentialism

Question 5

What is maximising consequentialism?

Answer 5

We morally ought to do what creates the most utility.

Question 6

What is satisfying consequentialism?

Answer 6

We morally ought to do what creates enough utility.

Question 7

What is utilitarianism?

Answer 7

Determines the right from wrong by focusing on outcomes.

Question 8

What are the pros of utilitarianism?

Answer 8

Egalitarian.
Intuitively plausible.
Big role in practical politics.
Impartiality.

Question 9

What does egalitarian mean?

Answer 9

Advocating equality for all people.

Question 10

What does impartiality mean?

Answer 10

Fairness

= closely linked to egalitarianism.

Question 11

What are the cons of utilitarianism?

Answer 11

Simple versions lead to counterintuitive conclusions.
Problem of separation of individuals.
Distributive justice.
Does not allow for a special status of personal relationships.
Does not allow for ‘going beyond call of duty’ (supererogation).

Question 12

What is deontology?

Answer 12

Focused on duties.

Question 13

What is the saying for the ‘first formulation’?

Answer 13

Act only in accordance with that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it become a universal law.

Question 14

What is the formula given for ‘Respect for persons’?

Answer 14

Formula of Humanity

Question 15

What is the formula of humanity?

Answer 15

Act so that you use humanity, as much in your own person as in the person of every other, always at the same time as end and never merely as means.

Question 16

What is the teleological notion for the ‘Formula of Humanity?’

Answer 16

Treating others as ends in a matter of PROMOTING some property of theirs.

Question 17

What is the recognition notion for the ‘Formula of Humanity?’

Answer 17

Treating others as ends is a matter of RECOGNISING their standing in some activity.

Question 18

What is virtue ethics?

Answer 18

This is focusing on character and is based on the ideas of ‘what would a virtuous person do?’

Question 19

What does virtue mean?

Answer 19

An excellent trait of character -> behavioural disposition.

Question 20

What does phronesis mean?

Answer 20

Practical Wisdom

Question 21

What does enkrateia mean?

Answer 21

This means possession and self control : power to control yourself.

Question 22

What does akrasia mean?

Answer 22

When someone acts against their better judgement through the weakness of will.

Question 23

What are the 2 levels of moral theories?

Answer 23

Decision - Making

Ultimate Justification

Question 24

What does the first level of moral theories mean?

Answer 24

When we make moral choices we tend to think about consequences : makes consequentialism intuitively appealing.

Question 25

What does the second level of moral theories mean?

Answer 25

In the end, what makes one action morally better than other actions?

Question 26

What is a stakeholder?

Answer 26

This is a person with an interest // concern in something : they have a stake in the situation // process // outcome.