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ocr psychology > issues in menta health > Flashcards

issues in menta health Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a neurotransmitter?

A

chemical messengers that allow neurones to communicate with one another at the synapse

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2
Q

what is a neuron?

A

nerve cells that transmit nerve signals to and from the brain at up to 200mph

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3
Q

what are the components of a neuron?

A

dendrite
nucleus
myelin sheaf
axon
receptors

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4
Q

what is the enzyme that hydrolyses neurotransmitters?

A

monoamine oxidase

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5
Q

what is the biochemical explanation?

A

there is an imbalance of neurotransmitters within the brain

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6
Q

what did Lazenberger et al research?

A

the binding potential of serotonin in social phobia

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7
Q

what did Lazenberger et al find?

A

lower binding potential of serotonin receptors in social phobics than the control group

particularly in the amygdala

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8
Q

describe the dopamine hypothesis

A

high levels of dopamine in the Parietal Lobe - which is associated with sensory information - if too high patients experience hallucinations

low levels of dopamine in the Pre-Frontal Cortex - which is the control centre of the brain - if too low patients experience lack of concentration and attention

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9
Q

three good things about the biochemical explanation

A

useful -> drug production
evidence -> Lazenberger
reliability -> standardised and easy to test

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10
Q

three bad things about the biochemical explanation

A

ethical implications -> people may be distressed because they can’t control it on their own

might be the MI that causes the imbalance

reductionist -> doesn’t take nurture into account

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11
Q

what is the genetic explanation?

A

individuals inherit a gene(s) which makes them have a predisposition to MI

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12
Q

how could we study the genetic explanation?

A

compare concordance rates of MI with mono and dizygotic twins

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13
Q

define concordance

A

chance of an individual having a certain trait if another does

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14
Q

three good things about the genetic explanation

A

quantitive -> easy to establish MH trends
useful -> genetic counselling
holistic -> says environment triggers gene(s)

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15
Q

three bad things about the genetic explanation

A

ethical implications -> may cause distress as people cannot change their DNA
quantitive -> removes depth of experiences
socially sensitive

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16
Q

what biochemical causes anxiety?

A

serotonin (low)

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17
Q

what biochemicals cause depression?

A

dopamine (low)
serotonin (low)
norepinephrine (low)

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18
Q

what biochemical causes schizophrenia?

A

dopamine (high and low)

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19
Q

what is the brain abnormality explanation?

A

activity levels or structure that are different from the norm are what causes MI

20
Q

what part of the brain is linked to anxiety/social phobia?

A

amygdala

21
Q

name a study that supports the brain abnormality explanation

A

Pine et al

22
Q

three good things about the brain abnormality explanation

A

falsifiable -> PET scans to measure activity
useful -> brain training
evidence -> Pine and Hariri

23
Q

three bad things about the brain abnormality explanation

A

reductionist -> only looks at biology
deterministic -> could have high activity and not anxiety
we don’t know is anxiety caused the brain abnormality through neuroplasticity

24
Q

GOTTESMAN
what was the aim?

A

to conduct a large-scale study into the inheritance of serve mental i’ll as to establish if there is a genetic component to MH

25
Q

GOTTESMAN
what was the method?

A

cohort analysis

26
Q

GOTTESMAN
what was the sample?

A

2.6 million from Denmark off of the Civil Registration System

27
Q

GOTTESMAN
what was the procedure?

A

data was gathered on offspring and both parents

any diagnoses of bi-polar/uni-polar depression or schizophrenia were recorded

this data was then categorised

28
Q

GOTTESMAN
what were the categorises?

A

two parents with a diagnosis

one parent with a diagnosis

neither parent with a diagnosis

general population

29
Q

GOTTESMAN
what were the results?

A

incidence of MI increased if one parent had a diagnosis vs neither

two vs zero -> 31.7 times greater
two vs one -> 3.9 times greater

30
Q

GOTTESMAN
what was the conclusion?

A

this large-scale study provides strong evidence for a genetic link in MI

they cannot rule out environment having an additional impact

31
Q

what were the historical beliefs about causes of mental illness in ancient history and middle ages?

A

Egypt and Greece -> influence of evil spirits
Rome -> divine punishment
Middle Ages -> moral issues and demonic possession

32
Q

what is the behaviourist alternate explanation to mental health?

A

we learn via consequences and association

they state that mental illnesses can be learnt through classical conditioning, whereby an individual may, associate a negative experience with a particular object/situation and develop a phobia

33
Q

what is the cognitive alternate explanation to mental health?

A

explains mental illness such as depression by the faulty thinking patterns of the individual, however they may be caused

34
Q

what is the psychodynamic alternate explanation to mental health?

A

there is an imbalance with the ID, Ego and Super Ego that causes different types of disorders

35
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC
“the ID is too strong and took over the psyche”
what would the person experience and what disorder type would they have?

A

impulsive and anti-social behaviour

psychotic disorder

36
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC
“the Super Ego is too strong and took over the psyche”
what would the person experience and what disorder type would they have?

A

perfectionism and feelings of being unfulfilled

anxiety disorders

37
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC
“the person has an ID and an Ego but no a Super Ego”
what would the person experience and what disorder type would they have?

A

impulsive and immature behaviour

psychopathic disorders

38
Q

COGNITIVE
describe the ABC model of depression
(brief overview)

A

people can go through the same experiences but come out of them either mentally healthy or ill

our thinking patterns are what leads to mental illness

rational and irrational thinking is the basis of the ABC model

39
Q

COGNITIVE
describe ‘activating events’ of the ABC model of depression

A

an activating event is a situation which triggers the individual to potentially have an irrational thought

e.g. you call out to a friend on the street and they blank you

40
Q

COGNITIVE
describe ‘beliefs’ of the ABC model of depression

A

this is how the event is interpreted by the individual and acts as a bridge between A and C

e.g.
rational thought = they didn’t hear you
irrational thought = think you did something wrong or they hate you and no longer wish to speak to you

41
Q

COGNITIVE
describe ‘consequences’ of the ABC model of depression

A

this can be what you do or how you feel and this constant irrationality is what can lead to depression as its an ongoing cycle

e.g.
rational thought would lead to it being a joke later or not thinking further on the event
irrational thought would lead to upset, worry, loneliness, etc

42
Q

COGNITIVE
name and describe the features of Beck’s Cognitive Triad

A

negative views about the world -> “everyone is against me”
negative views about the future -> “i’ll never be good at anything”
negative views about oneself -> “i’m worthless and inadequate”

43
Q

what are Szasz key ideas on “mental health is a myth”?
(five)

A

for something to be an ‘illness’ there must be a physical cause but there is no proven physical cause

if there is a physical cause for ‘mental illness’ then it was a wrongly diagnosed physical illness

‘mental illness’ is medicalising a social construct e.g. ADHD and Autism

if, and only if, the individual wants to change their behaviour they could go to therapy and this is the way to treat their behaviour - IF THEY WANT TO

if what the DSM classes as a mental illness has to be voted on than it is not an objective fact and therefore not a medical issue

44
Q

what is good about what Szasz said?

A

useful -> we can develop a better system and evolve society -> Alan Turing’s case
backed by Rosenhan’s study
ethical implications - lower distress because it would remove any stigma as there would be no diagnostic system

45
Q

what is bad about what Szasz said?

A

invalidates those who are mentally ill
medicine is proved to help and his point of view is discredited by hundreds of studies
cuts off biological treatments that people have found helpful

ocr psychology (11 decks)

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