individual differences approach

Question 1

what is the nomothetic approach?

Answer 1

to study representative samples and establish general rules about human behaviour

Question 2

what is the idiographic approach?

Answer 2

to study the differences between people

to study people who don’t fit the mould and those who are atypical or unique.

Question 3

Baron-Cohen
what was the aim?

Answer 3

to find out why people with autism have problems with social relationship AND develop any advanced test for theory of mind

Question 4

Baron-Cohen
what was the sample and sampling?

Answer 4

autistic : 16 (13m 3f) volunteer
normal : 50 (25m 25 f) random
tourettes : 10 (8m 2f) volunteer

Question 5

Baron-Cohen
what was the method?

Answer 5

quasi
independent

Question 6

Baron-Cohen
why was the tourettes group involved?

Answer 6

to make sure it was the autism causing the change in ToM and not just being neurodivergent

Question 7

Baron-Cohen
what was the procedure?

Answer 7

they first did a gender of the eyes test to check it wasn’t visual processing issues

they then did the eye test at home which involved seeing a pair of eyes on a screen and picking out of four emotions which one it was

there were 25 questions

Question 8

Baron-Cohen
what were the results?

Answer 8

autistic : 16.3
normal : 20.3
tourettes : 20.4

Question 9

Baron-Cohen
what was the conclusion?

Answer 9

the results seem to provide evidence that adults with autism do possess an impaired ToM

Question 10

what is concurrent validity?

Answer 10

shows you the extent of the agreement between two measures or assessments taken at the same time

Question 11

what is Theory of Mind?

Answer 11

the ability to infer and understand other people’s mental states to predict their behaviour

Question 12

what are the three parts of the mind Freud suggested?

(not to do with cognitive development)

Answer 12

conscious - thoughts we are aware of
preconscious - beneath the surface (memory)
unconscious - info that is impossible to recall

Question 13

what are the three parts of our personalities Freud suggested?

Answer 13

ID
ego
superego

Question 14

describe the ID

Answer 14

first to develop (~0-2)

wants its desired fulfilled

unrealistic and doesn’t care on morals/morality

sexuality and aggression

Question 15

describe the ego

Answer 15

second to develop (~3-4)

controls what the ID can express

thinks or observes reality

our will

keeps ID and super ego in check

Question 16

describe the super ego

Answer 16

last to develop (~5-6)

modified ego

conscious ands deals with morality

unrealistic and morally correct

Question 17

what are the ego’s defence mechanisms?

Answer 17

denial
repression
displacement

Question 18

what are the stages of Freud’s psychosexual theory?

Answer 18

oral - 0-1
anal - 2-3
phallic - 3-6
latent - 6-puberty
genital - puberty onwards

Question 19

what techniques did Freud invent to reach information?

Answer 19

dream analysis
hypnosis
free association
case studies

Question 20

what is active research?

Answer 20

trying to gather data whilst also helping participants

Question 21

Freud
what was the aim?

Answer 21

to understand Little Han’s phobia of horses and help him get over it

Question 22

Freud
what was the method?

Answer 22

case study
longitudinal (3-5 years old)
observation and self report

Question 23

Freud
describe one of Little Han’s dreams?

Answer 23

plumber came and took his small “widdler” and replaced it with a big “widdler”

Question 24

Freud
what was the procedure?

Answer 24

Han’s dad observed his son and asked him questions and reported it back to Freud

this went on for two years

Question 25

Freud
what was the conclusion?

Answer 25

> Little Han’s suffered from castration anxiety and that’s why je is afraid of horses
He is going through the Oedipus Complex
dreams and fantasies was the minds way of expressing what was going

Question 26

what is the Oedipus Complex?

Answer 26

complex of emotions aroused in a young child by an unconscious sexual desire for the parent of the opposite sex and wish to exclude the parent of the same sex