individual differences approach Flashcards
what is the nomothetic approach?
to study representative samples and establish general rules about human behaviour
what is the idiographic approach?
to study the differences between people
to study people who don’t fit the mould and those who are atypical or unique.
Baron-Cohen
what was the aim?
to find out why people with autism have problems with social relationship AND develop any advanced test for theory of mind
Baron-Cohen
what was the sample and sampling?
autistic : 16 (13m 3f) volunteer
normal : 50 (25m 25 f) random
tourettes : 10 (8m 2f) volunteer
Baron-Cohen
what was the method?
quasi
independent
Baron-Cohen
why was the tourettes group involved?
to make sure it was the autism causing the change in ToM and not just being neurodivergent
Baron-Cohen
what was the procedure?
they first did a gender of the eyes test to check it wasn’t visual processing issues
they then did the eye test at home which involved seeing a pair of eyes on a screen and picking out of four emotions which one it was
there were 25 questions
Baron-Cohen
what were the results?
autistic : 16.3
normal : 20.3
tourettes : 20.4
Baron-Cohen
what was the conclusion?
the results seem to provide evidence that adults with autism do possess an impaired ToM
what is concurrent validity?
shows you the extent of the agreement between two measures or assessments taken at the same time
what is Theory of Mind?
the ability to infer and understand other people’s mental states to predict their behaviour
what are the three parts of the mind Freud suggested?
(not to do with cognitive development)
conscious - thoughts we are aware of
preconscious - beneath the surface (memory)
unconscious - info that is impossible to recall
what are the three parts of our personalities Freud suggested?
ID
ego
superego
describe the ID
first to develop (~0-2)
wants its desired fulfilled
unrealistic and doesn’t care on morals/morality
sexuality and aggression
describe the ego
second to develop (~3-4)
controls what the ID can express
thinks or observes reality
our will
keeps ID and super ego in check
describe the super ego
last to develop (~5-6)
modified ego
conscious ands deals with morality
unrealistic and morally correct
what are the ego’s defence mechanisms?
denial
repression
displacement
what are the stages of Freud’s psychosexual theory?
oral - 0-1
anal - 2-3
phallic - 3-6
latent - 6-puberty
genital - puberty onwards
what techniques did Freud invent to reach information?
dream analysis
hypnosis
free association
case studies
what is active research?
trying to gather data whilst also helping participants
Freud
what was the aim?
to understand Little Han’s phobia of horses and help him get over it
Freud
what was the method?
case study
longitudinal (3-5 years old)
observation and self report
Freud
describe one of Little Han’s dreams?
plumber came and took his small “widdler” and replaced it with a big “widdler”
Freud
what was the procedure?
Han’s dad observed his son and asked him questions and reported it back to Freud
this went on for two years
Freud
what was the conclusion?
> Little Han’s suffered from castration anxiety and that’s why je is afraid of horses
He is going through the Oedipus Complex
dreams and fantasies was the minds way of expressing what was going
what is the Oedipus Complex?
complex of emotions aroused in a young child by an unconscious sexual desire for the parent of the opposite sex and wish to exclude the parent of the same sex
