developmental approach

Question 1

Chaney et al
what was the aim?

Answer 1

to see the impact positive reinforcement has on adherence

Question 2

Chaney et al
what was the method?

Answer 2

field
repeated measures

Question 3

Chaney et al
what was the sample and sampling?

Answer 3

32 Australian children - 22M and 10F
aged between 1.5-6, average 3.2

randomly selected from 7 GP surgeries

Question 4

Chaney et al
what was the procedure?

Answer 4

it was done at participants homes for a two week period

children’s parents gave informed consent

completed a structured, closed questionnaire with an interview
they were asked on attitudes to medication and compliance levels

Question 5

Chaney et al
what were the two conditions?

Answer 5

regular pMDI inhaler

funhaler with a spinning disc and whistle attached

Question 6

Chaney et al
what were the results?

Answer 6

those with the funhaler had improved parental and child compliance

50% took the required “puffs” with the standard and 80% with the funhaler

parents also reported improved satisfaction with the device

Question 7

Chaney et al
what were the conclusions?

Answer 7

the used of the funhaler could possibly improve clinical outcomes

devices that use self-reinforcement strategies can improve the overall health of children

Question 8

Bandura
what was the aim?

Answer 8

to demonstrate that if children were passive witnesses to an aggressive display by an adult they would imitate this aggressive behaviour when given the opportunity

Question 9

Bandura
what were the four hypotheses?

Answer 9

1. Children exposed to aggressive models will reproduce asgressive acts resembling those of the models.
2. Children exposed to non-aggressive models will reproduce less aggressive acts.
3. Children will imitate the behaviour of a same-sex model to a greater degree than a model of the opposite sex.
4. Boys will be more predisposed than girls towards imitating aggression.

Question 10

Bandura
what was the method?

Answer 10

lab / controlled observation

Question 11

Bandura
what was the sample and sampling?

Answer 11

36 boys and 36 girls
aged between 3-5 years old

opportunity from Stanford University Daycare

Question 12

Bandura
what were the stages?

Answer 12

stage one - modelling
stage two - frustration arousal
stage three - observation

Question 13

Bandura
what happened in the modelling stage?

Answer 13

lasted ten minutes

the children either observed an aggressive model of the same or different sex or a non-aggressive role model of the same sex or different

they were in a room with a tinker set, potato prints and a bobo doll.

then the model either was aggressive to the bobo doll by hitting it and saying “sock him on the nose” or the model ignored the bobo doll and played with the tinker set quietly

Question 14

Bandura
what happened in the frustration arousal stage?

Answer 14

lasted two minutes

the child was taken to a different room and as soon as they began to play the experimenter told the child that the toys were special/the best and reserved them, for the other children

Question 15

Bandura
what happened in the observation stage?

Answer 15

lasted twenty minutes

they were taken to another room where they could play with the toys with the experimenter watching through one-way glass

there were aggressive (bobo doll and mallet) and non-aggressive toys (tea set)

5-second interval observation, therefore 240 response units of each child

Question 16

Bandura
what were the results?

Answer 16

1. the children in the aggressive model made more aggressive responses than the children in the non-aggressive model
2. boys made more aggressive responses than girls
3. the boys in the aggressive model showed more aggressive responses if the model was male
4. the girls in the aggressive model showed more physical aggressive responses if the model was male and more verbal aggressive responses if the model was female

Question 17

what do behaviourists believe?

Answer 17

we are born ‘blank slates’ and at birth we only have the capacity to learn

all behaviour is learned from the environment

Question 18

what is classical conditioning?

Answer 18

learning through association

Question 19

what is operant conditioning?

Answer 19

learning through consequences