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ocr Gcse Religious Studies > Islam > Flashcards

Islam Flashcards

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1
Q

Sunni core beliefs

A

Six articles of faith

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2
Q

6 articles of faith

A

Tawhid, malaikah, kutub, nubuwwah, akhirah, Al quadr

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3
Q

Tawhid

A
  • absolute faith in the oneness of god
  • believe people should live by following his rules
  • ‘there is none like him’
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4
Q

Malaikah

A
  • Allah’s greatness means he can’t directly communicate with humans
  • message passed through angels
  • first creation = obey him
  • recording angels encourage Muslims to do good if they want a place is paradise
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5
Q

Kutub

A
  • respected
  • qur’an = direct + unchanged word of Allah - revealed through prophet Muhammad
  • give guidance = how to live life on the right path
  • ‘recite in the name of your lord who created’
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6
Q

Nubuwwah

A
  • respected not worshipped
  • communicated with prophets through angels
  • teach how to live how Allah wished + how to obey his laws
  • ‘you have in the prophet of allah an excellent model’
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7
Q

Akhira

A
  • belief in day of judgement
  • this life is a test
  • if you pass heaven -Al’Jannah
  • if you fail hell - Jahannam
  • encouraging them to do good
  • ‘never think of those who have been killed in the cause of Allah as dead. Rather, they are alive with their lord’
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8
Q

Al qadr

A
  • belief in predestination
  • believe Allah knows + decides everything
  • everything follows a divine plan showing Allah’s will
  • even though Allah determines everything - free will = we are responsible + held accountable for our actions
  • ‘in all things the master planning is god’
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9
Q

Shi’a core beliefs

A

Usul ad-din

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10
Q

Usul ad-din

A 
Al Tawhid 
Al adl
Al imamah
Al nubuwwah
Al ma’ad
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11
Q

Al adl

A

-belief in divine justice
-god will judge everyone on the day of judgement
-Allah is always right and just = may act in ways beyond our understanding
-face judgement in afterlife - follow right path to pass any test god gives
‘Every soul will be paid in full of its deeds’
-al ma’ad (belief on day of resurrection

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12
Q

Al imamah

A
  • protect the religion
  • good Muslims down the right path
  • ‘we made them leaders who guide by our command’
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13
Q

Sunni imam views

A
  • leader of prayer in mosque
  • just human and can make mistakes in their interpretations
  • not considered to be perfect
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14
Q

Shi’a imam views

A
  • Direct successors of Muhammad + chosen by Allah
  • 12 were direct descendants of Muhammad - first being Ali
  • infaillible + inspired by Allah
  • authority to interpret Islamic law + what qur’an says
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15
Q

Shi’a successor view

A

Alu was the first imam + successor of muhammad

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16
Q

Sunni successor view

A

-followed Abu bakr as his successor + elected others after that

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17
Q

Sunni Quran views

A

Eternal like Allah - always been in existence though not in written form

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18
Q

Shi’a Quran views

A

Not eternal - created by Allah - can be added to + interpreted by humans

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19
Q

Tawrat

A

Torah - god’s revelations to Moses

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20
Q

Zabur

A

Psalms - gods revelations to David

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21
Q

Injil

A

Gospels - gods revelations to isa

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22
Q

Sahifah

A

Scrolls - god’s revelations to ibrahim

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23
Q

Kutub points

A

Original belief system = same for all
Distorted overtime - lost true word of god
Final revelation through Quran = record of Allah’s words exactly + not changed

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24
Q

Sunna

A

What Muhammad did

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25
Q

Hadith

A

What Muhammad said

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26
Q

How can the Hadith and Sunna be used

A

To help Muslims lead a life like Muhammad

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27
Q

Hadith and sunna views

A
  • some believe only Quran should be followed - this shouldn’t be used bc it’s not exact words of Allah
  • Shi’a Muslims refer to hadith of Ali to help their decision making
  • Muslims might also refer to the opinion of Muslim lawyers and scholars
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28
Q

Qur’an quote

A

‘We have revealed to you this book with the truth, as a confirmation of previous scriptures and a supreme authority on them’

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29
Q

Jibril

A
  • chief angel
  • brought messages to Muhammad and all other prophets
  • human form when telling Mary she’s pregnant
  • bringer of good news
  • vital role in communicating final version of Islam to humanity
  • knows beauty of paradise + how hard it is to get there + seen hell
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30
Q

Izra’il

A
  • angel of death

- ends people’s lives by taking their final breath

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31
Q

Israfil

A

Angel of last judgement

Blows trumpet to announce day of judgement

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32
Q

Mika’il

A
  • guardian of heaven
  • friend of humanity + rewards righteous
  • asks Allah to forgive people’s sins = angel of mercy
  • mika’il + jibril will be present on the day of judgement
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33
Q

Angels

A

Allah’s first creation
Created with nur (divine light)
Important, free of sin, without free will
Primary source of communication between Allah + humanity

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34
Q

Recording angels

A

Record all humans do + say for the day of judgements
Musl8ms try to live good lives because they record all deeds in the book of life. Muslims try to please Allah by being the best person they can be in thought, word and deed and be honest, truthful and kind.

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35
Q

Day of judgement

A

Welcome obedient to Allah to heaven + disobedient thrown to hell

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36
Q

Angel quotes

A

‘Praise to Allah… who made the angel messengers’

‘They exhale him night +day + do not slacken’

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37
Q

Five pillars

A

Obligations Muslims must satisfy to live a good + responsible life + bring them closer to god

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38
Q

5 pillars listed

A

Zakat, shahadah, sawm, salat, hajj

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39
Q

Zakat

A
  • give 2.5% of income once a year
    Bond between rich + poor
    Purify wealth
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40
Q

Shahadah

A

Reciting declaration of faith
Said in ear of baby when they’re born
Try saying it before they die

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41
Q

Sawm

A

Fasting during Ramadan
For Muslims who have reached maturity + good health
Helps Muslims connect with Allah
Connect + understand those who are less fortunate

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42
Q

Sawm quote

A

‘Decreed upon you is fasting…you may become righteous’

43
Q

Salat

A

5 prayers a day at specific times
Constant reminder of the importance of Allah in the life of a Muslim
‘Allah loves those who turn to him and care for cleanliness’

44
Q

Different prayers

A 
Fajar - dawn before sunrise
Zuhr = midday after sun passes it’s highest point 
Asr = late part of the afternoon 
Maghrib = just after sunset 
Isha = between sunset + midnight
45
Q

Hajj

A
  • set out for definite purpose
  • annual pilgrimage to Mecca
  • during 12th month of Islamic calendar
  • Muslims expected to undertake this pilgrimage at least once in their life
46
Q

Hajj quote

A

‘He will return as if he were born anew’

47
Q

5 pillars metaphor

A

5 supporting structures holding up the religion = keep faith strong

48
Q

10 obligatory acts

A

Form the basis of faith for Shi’a Muslims

49
Q

10 obligatory acts listed

A
  • salat
  • Sawm
  • Zakat
  • hajj
  • Khums
  • Jihad
  • Amr-Bil-maroof
  • nahi anil
  • tawalla
  • tabarra
50
Q

Khums

A

Annual taxation of 1/5 gains a year

51
Q

Allah said to prophet (zakat)

A

‘Whoever pays the zakat on his wealth will have its evil removed from him’

52
Q

Jihad

A

Struggle

‘Allah does not love aggressors’

53
Q

Amr-bil-maroof

A

Commanding what is good

54
Q

Nahi anil

A

Munkar forbid what is evil

55
Q

Tawalla

A

Expressing love towards good

56
Q

Tabarra

A

Expressing disassociation from evil

57
Q

Hajj importance

A
  • everyone = equal = sense of unity
  • self discipline + fulfils religious duty = closer to god
  • cleanses sin
  • most spiritual event - observe rituals in the most sacred places in the Islamic world
58
Q

Hajj origin

A
  • god told prophet Ibrahim to take his wife (hajira) and son (isma’il) on a journey to Arabia
  • told Ibrahim to leave them with some food + water
  • ran out of water = haïra ran up and down 2 hills - Safa + marwa in search for more
  • couldn’t find any so she prayed to god + water sprang from the ground = Zam zam well
  • Ibrahim returned + commanded to build the ka’aba as a shrine dedicated to Allah where worship would take place
59
Q

Stages of hajj

A

In Mecca
Sa’y
Arafat

60
Q

In Mecca

A

Holy mosque where pilgrimage begins

Drawing closer to Allah pilgrims circle the ka’aba 7 times in an anti-clockwise direction

61
Q

Sa’y

A

Running between 2 hills - al-safa and Al-marwa 7 times to reenact Hejira searching for water

62
Q

Arafat

A

After dawn prayer at Mina

63
Q

Exceptions to hajj

A

Mentally/physically unfit or insufficient funds

64
Q

Ihram

A

State of holiness before beginning hajj
Must wash body completely or perform wudu before they arrive at Mecca
Simple dress to show modesty before Allah
No sex during hajj = takes away the focus of god

65
Q

1st night hajj

A

Travel from Makkah to Mina and next morning travel onto the plain of Arafat - stand in or near mountain of mercy noon to dusk praising Allah

66
Q

Second night hajj

A

Muzdalifah - collect small stones for 3rd day + return to Mina

Throw stones at 3 pillars called jamarat- represent devil

67
Q

Eid ul adha after 3rd day of hajj

A

Reminder of ibrahim’s obedience when he was told by Allah to sacrifice his son

68
Q

Hajj significance

A

Offers a chance to wipe clean past sins + start anew before god + commitment to Allah since it’s physically demanding

69
Q

Hajj quote

A

‘Depart from the place from where all people depart and ask forgiveness of allah’

70
Q

Shahadah + tawhid link

A

Déclaration of faith ‘no god besides allah’

Muslims only believe in 1 god

71
Q

Origins of fasting

A
  • David fasted every other day
  • isa fasted for 40 days
  • night of power = Quran revealed to Muhammad - fasting to commemorate this
72
Q

What does fasting show?

A

Devotion to Allah

Asks Muslims to temporarily abstain their needs + base desires

73
Q

Duties during fasting

A

Prayers, charity, reflecting on the Quran

74
Q

Rules during fasting

A

No eating food, drinking liquids, sexual activities, swearing between dawn + sunset

75
Q

Benefits of fasting

A
  • believe sin will be forgiven
  • develop greater sense of empathy
  • deepened connection with Allah
  • spend extra time studying Quran
76
Q

Fasting exemptions

A

Elderly
People who are sick
Women who are menstruating
Pregnant or breast feeding women

77
Q

Night of power

A

Angels came down to earth
Night is ‘better than a thousand months’
Muslims try staying awake the whole night to pray and study the Quran

78
Q

Eid ul adha

A

‘Festival of sacrifice at the end of hajj

79
Q

Bismillah

A

Said over sacrificed animal

‘In the name of Allah the merciful, the compassionate’.

80
Q

Sacrifice divided into 3

A

1/3 family, 1/3 friends + relatives, 1/3 poor + needy

81
Q

Eid ul adha significance

A

Willingness to make sacrifices for Allah
Opportunity to be thankful
Help develop a d sense of ummah (community)

82
Q

Eid ul fitr

A

Celebrated at the end of Ramadan

Public holiday

83
Q

What happens on Eid ul fitr?

A

Give Zakat
Go to mosque
Imam deliver a kutbah- care for the needy
Gather fam + friends prepare food + celebrate

84
Q

Eid ul fitr is known as…

A

‘Day of reward’ after hardships of sawm

85
Q

Importance of Eid ul fitr

A

Look forward on day of judgement
Thankful to Allah
Forget past disagreements

86
Q

Eid ul fitr quote

A

‘Complete the number’
Once you do this you achieve:
Exaltation of Allah
Gratitude to Allah for guidance during this month

87
Q

Eid ul ghadeer

A

Shi’a festival celebrating appointment of Ali as successor of Muhammad
Presents are given and special prayers and celebratory meals

88
Q

Ashura

A

Shi’a festival commemorating martyrdom of prophet’s grandson Hussayn in battle
British Muslims gather in London for mourning procession
Focus on their actions being in the spirit of justice + dedication to path of Allah by remembering this event and fast

89
Q

Eid ul adha important and difference

A

Same importance for Sunni and Shi’a
Same in different countries in traditional sense - cultural celebrations + practices differ
After hajj = sense of community + unity = celebrate together

90
Q

Eid ul fitr country importance

A

Same importance for everyone
Turkeys: usually go to beach = good weather
Singapore: lights illuminate streets + Ramadan bazar serves traditional food
Iceland: sunrise to sunset = 22 hours - can choose to break fast with timings of nearby countries

91
Q

Eid ul ghadeer difference

A

Sunni Muslims don’t celebrate - believe Muhammad was calling for Ali to be respected no successor
Shi’a Muslims reaffirm their commitment to their first imam Ali

92
Q

Ashura - Shi’a a

A

Death = symbol of struggle against injustice + oppression
Mourning enable them to link with hussayn’s suffering + death
Believe to help on day of judgement

93
Q

Ashura Sunni

A

View it as a victory god gave to Moses
Fast to show gratitude
‘Observing the fasting is prescribed for you’

94
Q

Lesser Jihad

A

Removal of evil from society with the goal of making the world an abode of peace
Defending Islam from threat

95
Q

Lesser Jihad rules

A
  • in defence of Allah
  • no harm must be done
  • peace must be restored
  • mercy must be shown
96
Q

Lesser Jihad relevance

A

Less relevant now - past Muslims were being persecuted

97
Q

Greater Jihad

A

Struggle of every Muslim to live according to the straight path
Duty + act of worship

98
Q

Greater Jihad is done by

A 
- following 5 pillars 
Forgiving others 
Working for social justice 
Study Quran 
Help those in need
Avoid negative qualities
Avoid temptation
99
Q

Jihad quote

A

‘No bearer of burdens will bear the burdens of another’ - person + individually responsible

100
Q

Importance of Jihad

A
  • ensures both actions + intentions adhere to will of Allah
    Benefits the ummah as a whole
    Zakat can he,o decrease inequalities of wealth
101
Q

Munkar

A

Striving against doing what is wrong

102
Q

Ma’ruf

A

Seeking to do what is right

103
Q

Holy war against

A

Some teachings in line with pacifism

Believenwith modern warfare there’s no such thing as a just war

104
Q

For holy war

A

‘I have been commanded to fight mankind until they say ‘there is no god but Allah’’
Self defence or to defend Islam = loyalty + commitment to faith

ocr Gcse Religious Studies (17 decks)

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